Specialist idea maker characterised by high iq education essay

Learning is the womb-to-tomb procedure of uninterrupted betterment. Human being learns new things throughout its life-time. It is necessary for the overall development of human being. Merely the individual who is acute scholar can last and turn in today ‘s competitory environment. We ever continue to larn from the twenty-four hours we born till the twenty-four hours we die. Life without larning is like stagnating H2O. Human being larn everything that comes to him i.e. larn from its actions, its experience etc. In Reflection faculty I am traveling to sum up the contemplation of what I learnt. Reflection and larning are explained through assorted theoretical accounts and theory in this assignment.ASSIGNMENT 1When I am making this undertaking I was under the intuition that it is traveling to be another industry faculty where we will be demoing to merely abstract thoughts. But I came to cognize that it is more about modeling an person into acquiring prepared to a organisation calling. Largely PASS overlaps the trained and academic accomplishments that are needed by persons to fight in this reciprocally dependent universe. The first twenty-four hours of fall ining my institute is fundamentally different from my premise, the college give us the right cognition and a key to success. But when I came to cognize about this faculty ( PASS ) my falsity was nowhere to be found any more within me. It provides me the professional cognition and assist us to better my accomplishments.REFLECTIVE JOURNALCollaboration: –This subdivision coaction was introduced where we implicit the demand for coaction for the squad work. Basically coaction is to garner a assortment of different accomplishments among team members and use them to guarantee the success of the undertaking. In this I introduced the Tuck adult male ‘s Group Development Model and Belbin ‘s TheoryTUCK MAN ‘S AND BELBIN THEORYDegree centigrades: Documents and SettingsMicrosoftDesktopforming_storming.gif Tuckman ‘s theoretical account is that it helps us understand that squads evolve. It besides helps us to see how they may meet different jobs at different phases ofA their development There are four phases in tuckman ‘s model-forming, ramping, norming and executing. In the first phase we read about organizing. In this foremost the base degree is established. In this phase the persons are non yet gelled together and everybody is busy in happening their topographic point in the squad. Besides the trust is developed between the squad members in this phase. The squad members agrees on common end. This phase is really of import because in this phase members make goods contacts and strong bonding towards each other. In the 2nd phase we focused on ramping. In this phase members feel themselves as a portion of a squad. They are identify with the powers, control issues and the resources that are to be used. In this phase members express different thoughts, feeling, and sentiment, nevertheless they may dispute themselves and the squad leader about what the squad is making and and how the work should be done. The 3rd phase is norming. The members come together. They agrees about functions and procedures for work outing the job. We can state it is the feature of togetherness. Decisions are made through dialogue and understanding edifice. The squad is engaged in assorted activities. The concluding phase is executing. Members find solutions to jobs utilizing appropriate controls. They work collaboratively and care about each other. The group established as a alone individuality and the members are mutualist and they have increased focal point on the undertaking. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessballs.com/images/brain2.jpgCo-ordinatorThe co-ordinator is a person-oriented leader. This individual is swearing, accepting, dominant and is committed to team ends and aims. The co-ordinator is a positive mind who approves of end attainment, battle and attempt in others. The co-ordinator is person tolerant plenty ever to listen to others, but strong plenty to reject their adviceMakerThe maker is a task-focused leader who abounds in nervous energy, who has a high motive to accomplish and for whom winning is the name of the game. The maker is committed to accomplishing terminals and will ‘shape ‘ others into accomplishing the purposes of the squad.PlantThe works is a specialist thought shaper characterised by high IQ and invagination while besides being dominant and original. The works tends to take extremist attacks to team operation and jobs. Plants are more concerned with major issues than with inside informations.Resource Inves tigatorThe resource research worker is the executive who is ne'er in his room, and if he is, he is on the telephone. The resource research worker is person who explores chances and develops contacts. Resource research workers are good negotiants who probe others for information and support and pick up other ‘s thoughts and develop them. They are characterised by sociableness and enthusiasm and are good at liaison work and researching resources outside the groupTeam workerTeam workers make helpful intercessions to debar possible clash and enable hard characters within the squad to utilize their accomplishments to positive terminals. They tend to maintain squad spirit up and let other members to lend efficaciously. Their diplomatic accomplishments together with their sense of temper are assets to a squad. They tend to hold accomplishments in hearing, get bying with awkward people and to be sociable. sensitive and people orientedCompany worker/ implementerImplementers are cogniza nt of external duties and are disciplined, painstaking and have a good self-image. They tend to be unsentimental and practical, swearing and tolerant, esteeming established traditions. They are characterised by low anxiousness and be given to work for the squad in a practical, realistic manner. Implementers figure conspicuously in places of duty in larger administrations. They tend to make the occupations that others do non desire to make and make them good: for illustration, training employees.Completer closersThe completer finisher dots the I ‘s and crosses the T ‘s. He or she gives attending to detail, purposes to finish and to make so exhaustively. They make steady attempt and are consistent in their work. They are non so interested in the glamor of dramatic success.SpecialistThe specializer provides cognition and proficient accomplishments which are in rare supply within the squad. They are frequently extremely introspective and dying and be given to be self-startin g, dedicated and committedTeam ManagemenArtifical barriers between leaders and led are merely one obstruction to true teamwork. Interdepartmental and cross-functional competitions – what Americans call ‘turf wars ‘ – are other serious hurdlings, made worse by the fact that they are seldom overcome. They ‘re known in athletics, excessively. Try to carry rugger forwards that they can larn from dorsums, or frailty versa, and you ‘ll normally acquire no more alteration than when carrying selling to work ( as it should ) hand-in-glove with production, or either to collaborate volitionally with finance. The accomplishments indispensable to the modern director therefore include the ability to work with other functional endowments in squads – and to take, non by the authorization of bid, but that of expertness. Team leading, paradoxically, includes cognizing when to manus over the lead to others, as their expertness moves to the bow. In games, this stems of course from the functional demands. Merely the signal caller can name the dramas in American football: in rugger, lineout tactics are every bit an adept map. A squad relys on its leader to acquire them through.Team benefitAll squads are groups of persons but non all groups of persons needfully show the coherence of a squad. Teams outperform persons because squads generate a particular energy. This energy develops as squad members work together blending their personal energies and endowments to present touchable public presentation consequences. There are a figure of benefits for teamwork, among them are: Distributing the work load Reinforcing single capablenesss Making engagement and engagement Making better determinations Feeling like we play a portion in the work being done Generating a diverseness of thoughts, etc.Teams have become the latest direction compulsion. They ‘re the corporate equivalent of a Visa card: they ‘re everyplace you want to be. Directors, school principals everyplace in the universe are endeavoring to put up efficient teamwork processs in their constitutions.Trouble is that despite their ubiquitousness and their ubiquity, squads seldom achieve discovery consequences. Alternatively, they sink to the degree of the weakest performing artist and maintain excavation. The mistake lies non with the squad or its members, but with those who took a group of persons, charged them with unlikely ends, staffed them with uninspired leading and expected them to work as a squad. Contrast that to an organized, well-oiled, and disciplined squad, one in which the whole is greater than the amount of its parts. Such groups allow members to accomplish consequences far beyond their single abilities. The sarcasm is that when the demands of the group take precedence, the demands of the single really are enhanced.High public presentation squads do non ensue from self-generated burning. They are grown, nurtured and exercised. It takes a batch of difficult work and skill to intermix the different personalities, abilities, and docketsCommunicationCommunicationCommunication is an exchange of facts, thoughts, sentiments by two or more individuals. Communication is the procedure of go throughing information & A ; understanding from one individual to another.It is the procedure of leaving thoughts & A ; malking oneself understood by other. Communication is the transmittal & A ; interchange of facts, thoughts, feelings, or class of action. The interchange of idea or information to convey about common apprehension and assurance or good human relation. In communicating theoretical account we use the construct of Berlo ‘s Model hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eeldy.com/j676/images/ks_fig6.gifConcept of Barlo ‘s theoretical account: –Beginning Does he hold a bid over linguistic communication? What is his attitude towards the receiving system? Third what is his degree of cognition? Does he talk as a member of a group ; spiritual, political, or commercial? Does he belong to a extremely advanced civilization or he comes from some crude folk Message: A message contains content or affair. It appears in some linguistic communication from such as English or Gallic or in picture signifier. Channels: Channel stands for the medium in which the message reaches the receiving system. It may be natural, one of the senses – visual perception, hearing, touching, smelling and savoring. Receiver: The receiving system excessively, like the beginning has skill, attitude, cognition and civilization context. If the receiving system and the beginning have positive attitudes towards the subject, communicating become easy.TIME MANAGEMENTThis is the most of import construct in this assignment every bit good as our twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activity.The â€Å" Three Ps † of Effective Time Management: –Planing Precedences ProcrastinationTen Myths about Time: –Myth: Time can be managed. Myth: The longer or harder you work the more you accomplish. Myth: If you want something done right, do it yourself. Myth: You are n't supposed to bask work. Myths: We should take pride in working hard. Myth: You should seek to make the most in the least sum of clip. Myth: Technology will assist you do it better, faster. Myth: Do one thing at a clip. Myth: Handle paper merely one time. Myth: Get more done and you ‘ll be happier. As I got closer to the terminal of this assignment, I realized that we were really trained how to use the resources to go a better leader every bit good as director. As a director it is really indispensable to do optimal usage of the limited resources that will be provided for 1s undertaking. At the same clip, a director should besides hold tantamount accomplishments and do certain his/her employee is up to the grade to derive better competitory advantage and a higher market value for the intent of development and success of the organisation. For a director, a section with the lowest staff turnover is ever better for the direction and shows the excellence of the director pull offing his/her squad.ASSIGNMENT 2Learning Style‘The procedure of increasing cognition and accomplishments and developing our attitudes or beliefs so that we have the chance for increased pick ‘ ( Thorpe and Clifford, 2000 ) . This attack to larning stress the fact that persons perceive and process information in really different ways. The acquisition styles theory implies that how much persons learn has more to make with whether the educational experience is geared toward their peculiar manner of larning than whether or non they are â€Å" smart. † In fact, pedagogues should non inquire, â€Å" Is this pupil smart? † but instead â€Å" How is this pupil smart? † Different type of larning mannerInguisticThis type of scholar loves to read, compose, and state narratives. They tend to memorise topographic points, day of the months, names, and trivia really easy, and are ever magnetizing you with their unbelievable narratives. They have a singular ability to reiterate back everything you have of all time told them, word for word. 2.logical This kid is really mathematically inclined. They enjoy work outing jobs, peculiarly if they are math related.. They will blight you with inquiries on how things work, how things relate to one another, and why things are here. Their favourite playthings as immature kids were likely edifice blocks, and pattern mystifiers. 3.spatial These are the visualisers. They spend most of the twenty-four hours dreaming, watching films, and remaining as far off from world as possible. If they seem peculiarly â€Å" down † , inquiring them to pull a image will acquire you much further into the nature of the job, than inquiring them to state you about it. 4.musical if your kid is ever walking around the house humming a melody, or ever needs music to analyze by, so he/she is likely a musical scholar. This type of scholar is best at detecting inside informations, pitches, and rhythms that escape the normal hearer. 5.bodily This type of scholar is ever on the move. They invariably walk about, they have to touch everything, and they use body linguistic communication to convey their feelings. They would instead play athleticss or make a trade than sit down and read a book. They need active instruction! Keep them traveling. 6.interpersonal These are the â€Å" societal butterflies † . They adapt easy to any type of societal state of affairs, have many friends and are first-class leaders. They are patient, understanding, and really empathic, which makes them a favourite among their playfellows. They by and large make good leaders because of their ability to intercede struggle, and are frequently referred to as â€Å" the Peacemaker † of the household. 7.intrapersonal iunderstanding of themselves. They pride themselves on being independent and original, and they tend to stand out from the crowd without even seeking. They are the â€Å" strong, soundless type † . Kolb ‘s Learning theoryLearning is the procedure whereby cognition is created through the transmutation of experience †Kolb ( 1984, 38 )â€Å" a comprehensive theory which offers the foundation for an attack to instruction and acquisition as a womb-to-tomb procedure and which is soundbased rational traditions of doctrine and cognitive and societal psychologyklb4kind Divergers – position state of affairss from many positions and rely to a great extent upon brainstorming and coevals of thoughtsLearners – usage inductive logical thinking and have the ability to make theoretical theoretical accountsConvergers – rely to a great extent on hypothetical-deductive logical thinkingObligers – carry out programs and experiments and adapt to immediate fortunesDavid Kolb stated that for true acquisition to take topographic point, we need to hold an experience, reflect upon this experience, make sense of it ( frequently through making theories ) and eventually use our theories to our lives by be aftering what we would make following clip we were in the same or similar state of affairs.HONEY AND MUMFORD ‘S Learning STYLESThere are four type of honey and mumford acquisition manner Militant Reflector Theorist Pragmatist Degree centigrades: UsersANUJDownloadsPicture1.png Militant Militants are people who learn through making and prefer activity-based development. They dislike sitting still for long periods and will therefore non respond good to talks or extremely brooding activity. Militants are gabby, lively and like to be involved – they enjoy the ‘here and now ‘ . The methods through which they will prefer to larn involve exercisings, jobs, undertakings, play and exhilaration. Reflectors Reflectors enjoy reexamining and sing state of affairss and events. When asked a inquiry, they tend to sit back and believe about the reply before reacting When they join a treatment their part will be good thought out. Brooding scholars like to see issues from a scope of different positions and will experience uncomfortable if they are put into the spotlight without anterior warning ; when taking methods for them, guarantee that they will hold the clip required for contemplation to take topographic point Theorists Theorists like to cognize the theories behind a piece of larning or the thoughts that back up remarks that are being made. They prefer to larn from research, informations, theoretical accounts and information. They do non get by good when they are asked to make something without being told why and without underpinning grounds or theory. Theorists like logic and are rational and analytical – in a learning state of affairs, they like their development activities to hold construction and intent ; they will be uncomfortable with high emotion and feelings. Pragmatists Pragmatists prefer practicality to theory and larn efficaciously when they are able to use the acquisition to their state of affairs and the existent universe. They learn best when provided with true to life undertakings, instead than being given ‘woolly ‘ constructs that they are unable to associate to their day-to-day life. They seek out new thoughts and want to seek them out, pulling links between the topic and their current occupation.Vark theoretical accountThe acronym VARK stands for Visual, Aural, Read/write, and Kinesthetic sensory modes that are used for larning information. Fleming and Mills ( 1992 ) suggested four classs that seemed to reflect the experiences VARK larning manner shows that I am a reading/writing penchant scholar followed by ocular and kinaesthetic scholar. The ocular and kinaesthetic scholar features are similar to the result of both the Belbin and Honey Mumford theory. Harmonizing to the Honey Mumford larning manner, Belbin ‘s theory and VARK theory, I am so a individual who learns better when theories and techniques are put into pattern. I specifically prefer to larn from new experiences every bit good, doing me a individual who likes to make more physical and custodies on activities compared to larning new faculties through theories. For illustration, learning and prep aration stuffs are absorbed faster and efficaciously when I perform them through tutorial or lab activities.According to the VARK acquisition theory, I learn best when theories that are taught are absorbed via talks and notes written from talks harmonizing to personal penchants. For illustration, during talks, I learn best when I write lecture notes and rewrite it over and over once more. A reading and composing penchant scholar would interpret diagrams and charts into their ain words to larn betterf the pupils and instructor.Visual ( V )This penchant includes the word picture of information in maps, spider diagrams, charts, graphs, flow charts, labelled diagrams, and all the symbolic pointers, circles, hierarchies and other devices, that teachers use to stand for what could hold been presented in words. It could hold been called Graphic ( G ) as that better explains what it covers. It doesA NOTA include films, pictures or PowerPoint. It does include designs, whitespace, forms, form s and the different formats that are used to foreground and convey information.Kinaesthetic ( K ) :By definition, this mode refers to the â€Å" perceptual penchant related to the usage of experience and pattern ( simulated or existent ) . † Although such an experience may raise other modes, the key is that people who prefer this manner are connected to world, â€Å" either through concrete personal experiences, illustrations, pattern or simulation † [ See Fleming & A ; Mills, 1992, pp. 140-141 ] . It includes presentations, simulations, pictures and films of â€Å" existent † things, every bit good as instance surveies, pattern and applications. AUDITORY-learners who would love to sit contrary and pay attending. They do n't do a batch of notes READ/WRITE- scholars who need to read the information for themselves and theyA take a set of notes CONCLUSSION VARK theoretical account proved that I m a KINESTHETIC scholar. I can sit long for focussed on a peculiar subject. But other than KINESTHETIC I am a weak scholar. And I feel that this is my weak point and I want to decide it. Now i am seeking to consider on a peculiar subject by sitting actively like a ocular scholar. Now i am concentrating on the reading/writing portion by reading more and more books and different diaries or assignments. But I feel that kinesthetic is non an existent manner which should be learned because kinesthetic is a individual who can non concentrate much more so I did non belong to it. I strongly believe that I should spread out that peculiar larning theory along with the remainder that I already pattern. As a group member we should make some new thoughts all the clip and these thoughts can be practical or theoretical. From Honey Mumford theory I came to cognize that I m a militant so I decided to larn the other acquisition manners that the VARK appraisal sho wed as I do non see any injury in larning new theoretical faculties. I really feel that with this faculty we will develop our accomplishments, cognition, preparation and many more. We know our value and importance in a group. This faculty besides helps us to understand the squad direction, different communicating accomplishments, and clip direction and captures the different manners of acquisition.

The Secret of Finding Meaning in Life

The Secret of Finding Meaning in Life Life is truly too short, this phrase really bothered me because it made me think of how I could make my life meaningful and with sense; something that is living life to the fullest and touching the life of others by serving them because in serving you will know what really life is Just like Jesus who came to earth not to be serve but to serve. But how we could make our life living with significance and meaning?This question is so stunning especially when we realized that we are at the wrong path since we are living here on earth. Is there such thing as secret of finding meaning in life? That might some what answers me base on certain articles that I Just read and as well as the video that amazed me while viewing. This first article defines life and it's meaning which is â€Å"Meaning in Life [live the life that you want]† by Albert S. Wang, written on November 19, 1997.This article, questions you if you are really contented and happy of wh at you have and if this is really the life that you wanted. It is said in here that to be able to live a life that you want and to put a meaning on it; you must first know yourself from within because this makes you know of who you are, second is know where you want o go for it gives you direction in finding your happiness. These things are beginning of having a meaningful life.To find the meaning of your life, you must find it with action not Just by waiting for it to come and you can also find this meaning in life not just in distant place but mostly it is found near you. Putting a meaning in your life is all about the choices and decisions that you made on where you want to go. Just live your will and you'll see that each day you will grow in having a meaningful life. The second article that touches me is entitled â€Å"So What Will Matter? † sent by Leandro G. Cruz and shared by Joe Gatuslao of Bacolod City, Philippines. Its original title is A Life That Matters.This arti cle is so inspiring because it stresses that all that you have got starting from yourself Just like beauty, fame, wealth and all other things that you have are Just in vain because these things are not forever yours, these are just passing things and you cannot bring these things when you leave earth but what really matters are the thing that you made that others will remember you of your goodness, the things that you gave not Just in material aspects but in all, living your ife with significance, teaching others and set yourself as an example to them.All of these things are living a life that matters. This third article has an unknown author which entitles â€Å"A Purpose†. The article speaks that all of us who are created by God has a unique and significant purpose. Each of us is given a chance to find our designated purposes but you must wait when the right time comes because nas set it tor you at a time when you are equipped and ready. Most of the time you'll experience t he roughness of life but don't be dismayed because there is always a helping hand that will take care of you, which isGod who never leaves you. Just stay at the right path and do good deeds for in the end you will find your own way to the pearly white gate. The next article is the one that I liked most which is â€Å"The Journey of Our Life† shared again by Joe Gatuslao from Bacolod City, Philippines. This article actually tells a story about the Emperor who owned a huge land and he told his horseman that if he could ride on his horse and cover as much land area as he likes, then the Emperor would give him the area of land he has covered.The horseman did not stop riding and whipping the horse because he wanted to cover as much area as possible. Came to a point when he had covered a substantial area and he was exhausted and was dying. Then he asked himself, â€Å"Why did I push myself so hard to cover so much land area? Now I am dying and I only need a very small area to bury myself. † This story is really similar with the Journey of our life because most of us are always striving for richness, properties, possessions, power etc.So we work harder and harder until we come to realized that all of these things are not necessary for living a happy and meaningful life; we must balance our way of living so that we could not missed omething in life that might happen once. The next thing that I am going to share is all about the video clip that I watched; it's about an old woman at the age of 47 and her name is Susan Boyle who joined in a certain show that searches for extraordinary talents namely Britain's Got Talent.During her performance, a big shock was made by Susan because at the beginning when she first introduced herself, everybody was against her like they are judging Susan of Joining the show where she looks like so ordinary and nothing to show up but when she start on singing all where stunned by her angelic voice and hey gave her a standing ov ation but most importantly the three big yes from the strict Juries. This gives us an insight that we must not Judge the person's appearance because you'll never know what's the biggest surprise that comes from within.God created us with equal gifts and we must use this as an inspiration to others. This last article is a prayer entitled as â€Å"Mere Possessions†. It's all about the prayer of a woman who asked a help from the Lord, asking that she might not put much stock in possessions because things don't last and you cannot bring all of these things when you leave earth. That we come into the world with nothing, we leave with nothing.Having a meaningful life is about your choices and decisions that were made; Just make sure you have chosen the right path because if you do then you'll end walking along the pearly white gate and that is the fulfillment of having a meaningful life. There is really no such thing as a secret of finding a meaning in life; it's Just you who will make it meaningful by doing what is right and Just; live happy and be happy all the time because life is Just too short, you might missed something so let's make the most of it.

Hamiltons Views on Judicial Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hamiltons Views on Judicial Power - Essay Example The concept is enshrined in the constitution of the United States and in the various states that expressly forbids each branch of government to usurp the power of any other branch. Hamilton gives the anxiety of their time that because the legislature holds the purse strings and the executive the sword of society, the impartiality of the courts can be undermined, that it is the weakest branch of government with neither will nor force to enforce its judgement. Considering the fact that the the constitution provides for certain limitations which the legislature is proscribed from enacting such as bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, the question arosed on how the courts may declare such unconstitutional law null and void with impartiality and justice. Hamilton rationalized that the two non-judicial branches must not take offense for the declaration of their acts as unconstitutional as one of interference because the court is only declaring the letter of the constitution and did not do so as one superior to them, that the act does not constitute a substitution of their will or pleasure. The constitution, in order to assure the independence of judges, declares their tenure of service as permanent based pm good behavior. The periodic appointment of judges would likely indebt them to either executive or legislative branch responsible for their appointment. The independence of the judiciary is essential to the enforcement of the constitution because it is an aspect, like that of separation of powers, of the concept of "checks and balance" and ultimately of governance. Judicial independence is not only a normative ideal but an institutional virtue as well. And in the said virtue and ideal lies the capacity of the courts to protect individual rights, to police the structural limits of governmental power and to decide individual disputes based on the applicable law and the factual records of each case without regard to intimidation or other impermissible influences, if any. Judge Learned Hand (1958) urged caution in the exercise of judicial power. He considered the source and nature of the power of judicial constitutional review as necessary to prevent the failure of the government created by the constitution. He also proposed judicial restraint, saying that the power should be "confined to the need that evoked it" meaning, as a check on the usurpation of power by the other branches. For him the judiciary plays the necessary role in maintaining a government "between absolutism and the kind of democracy that so often prevailed in Greek cities during the sixth to fourth centuries before our era." Like Hamilton and Montesquieu, Hand believes that no single branch should have absolute power, especially not the judiciary. Modern thinkers (Shane, 1998) proffer that the paradigm of judicial restraint may often be misleading, unhelpful and even counter-productive. They propose another paradigm, that of "inter-branch accountability." They admit that "every branch has the power to make life more difficult for

De-oxy-ribonuclease enzyme Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

De-oxy-ribonuclease enzyme - Research Paper Example Proteins play critical roles in the cell, a factor that has helped scientists appreciate the salient significance of these molecules. Some cell proteins serve as enzymes, a role that involves the catalysis of all cellular processes. Proteins exhibit a high level of specialization, a factor that is evident in the structure and function of enzymes in the cell. Moreover, depending on the functions, proteins exhibit diverse structural adaptations. The role played by enzymes cannot receive any form of underestimation because cells would be unable to run processes at the required speed, and this would retard growth processes (Petsko&Ringe, 2004). Otherproteins are structural and include keratin, silk, ligaments, and tendons. There is also evidence that proteins are of significant use as contractile molecules. In, addition, proteins play a critical role in the immunes system as antibodies that recognize antigens and work towards eliminating them. Proteins are also critical in cell transport . Cells interactions and processes require signal both signal molecules and receptors, and biologists have identified such critical molecules as proteins. Structure of Proteins Proteins exhibit four different levels of their structure. It is worth noting that the basic components of proteins are amino acids. Scientists have described the existence of twenty different amino acids that are critical in building the wide range of proteins that perform the functions described above. The order and number of the amino acids making up each protein depend on the role played by each protein. Moreover, there is variation of protein structure across different species (Rigden, 2009). The simplest level of protein structure is the primary structure defined by its linear sequence of all the amino acids making up a certain protein, listed in three letter word abbreviations. This being the simplest form of any protein helps in highlighting the individual amino acids making up each chain. Usually, th e linkage between these amino acids is through covalent bonds that define the peptide bond existing between the amino acids. The second level of protein structure is the secondary structure characterized by the formation of regular structures that biochemists have described as helices and beta sheets. Hydrogen bonds facilitate the formation of such regular structures within the lengthy polypeptide chains of amino acids (Buxbaum, 2007. The hydrogen bonds only occur between carbon and oxygen molecules and between hygrogen and nitrogen molecules. Helices have been described as loose coils of amino acids with each turn consisting of three amino acid residues and additional atoms from the next amino acid. The coiling in alpha helices occurs in a clockwise direction. On the other hand, beta sheets have polypeptide chains folded in a manner that makes the regular structures be enjoined alongside each other. The third level of the protein structure is a three dimensional representation of a ll the polypeptide chains and other secondary structures. The structure remains in place because of ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, sulfur bridges, and van der waals forces. The fourth level of structure is the quaternary structure defined by a specific complex shape taken by the different polypeptide chains with different forces holding up the structure (Whitford, 2005). Figure one Levels of Protein Structure De-oxy-ribonuclease This is one of the critical enzymes found in both higher

Performance Criteria Identified By Hillgren And Morse Essay

Performance Criteria Identified By Hillgren And Morse - Essay Example Hillgren and Morse (1998) established that similarities exist among high performing organizations. Their view of such organizations is based on financial accomplishments, employee motivation as well as service delivery and customer satisfaction. This paper critically compares the performance of Abercrombie and Fitch against the four performance criteria identified by Hillgren and Morse (1998). The multinational company deals with designer clothes. The paper highlights some practical examples related to the concepts, ideas and insights from their article titled â€Å"high performing organizations†. High Performing Organizations Direction is one of the basic elements identified by Hillgren and Morse (1998). Leaders need to ensure that the subordinates understand the organization’s principles. These are fundamental to its existence. The visionary leadership of Abercrombie and Fitch promotes a sense of purpose in the organization. The leaders understand the company’s vision and apply their skills to entrench creativity among the workers. Sensitization of employees regarding the achievement of the organization’s vision and core values is done regularly through staff meetings and weekly forums, which ensures that all team players in the various departments understand their roles in enhancing success. The sensitization approach corresponds to Hillgren and Morse’s assertion of â€Å"a clearly articulated and frequently communicated vision† (p 9), which is significant for high performing organizations. Behaviourization of values as proposed by Hillgren and Morse gives Abercrombie and Fitch a unique characteristic that enhances customer satisfaction. One of the core values is to ensure customer focused service delivery that is based on their needs rather than the company’s interests. Workplace diversity promotes strong interpersonal relationships among the staff, which helps in building talents and encouraging creativity. Exceptional contribution among staff is acknowledged and rewarded. The leaders act as role models of the organizational behaviour. Integrity is upheld and words correspond to the actions of staff members. The value metrics highlighted by Hillgren and Morse have been adopted by Abercrombie and Fitch. They help in establishing the level of customer satisfaction, which signifies the level of collaboration among staff. Value metrics are also significant in determining whether the organizational values have been upheld in service delivery to customers. Bhatt (2002) observed that â€Å"anything that gets measured gets done† (p 28). Abercrombie and Fitch’s value metrics are focused on the priority areas that are likely to be affected by the dynamics of the operating environment. For example, customers’ feedback offers a basis for the assessment of the level of satisfaction. After interacting with the company’s employees, the customers are given a chance to confi dentially rate and comment the quality of service offered to them. The management is able to determine the areas that require improvements as well as those that require reinforcement through assessing positive and negative feedbacks from consumers. The suggestion box also provides an opportunity to assess the organization’s leadership as well as the priority areas that need further consideration. Performance measurement is significant in assessing progress and planning for future improvements (Edwards et al. 2007). It helps in determining staff awareness regarding the direction of the organization. Abercrombie and F

Descriptive Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Descriptive - Statistics Project Example Consequently, an organization can meet expectations among all target consumers and at the same time optimize its sales volume and profitability. Similarly, understanding statistics on consumption helps business organizations in planning their productions, an aspect that affects wastes in storage cost, and goods that expire before sales. Understanding demand is also important for informed decisions among producers and consumers through generating information on alternatives that can be compared for decision-making (Apte, 2009). For producers and aspiring producers, understanding distribution in levels of expenditures for different classes of goods and services may indicate more profitable ventures for exploration while a consumer’s understanding of trends in major expenditures could develop awareness of possible utilities for exploration. Understanding that others spend significant amount of money on entertainment may, for example, be an indicator that entertainment is benefici al to professional and personal health and influence a consumer’s opinion on entertainment expenditure level. Expenditure and its determinants are also important for theoretical understanding of relationship between demand and its associated factors. According to law of demand, level of demand for a commodity is inversely proportional to the commodity’s price, should all other factors be kept constant (Friedman, 2009), and this establishes a basis for studying microeconomic factors such as demand and its relationship with other factors, to ascertain the theory, based on changing environments. Studying demand and its associated factors also offers a basis for extending the theory of demand to explaining correlations among the factors to demand such as levels of income, fraction of income spent on different types of utilities (Chauhan, 2009), and â€Å"cultural

Production and Operations Management Assignment - 2

Production and Operations Management - Assignment Example This assignment describes the corporation, that has developed its network in their most important inter-related activities, that include crude oil imports, refining, marketing and transportation to terminals. Eventually, Marathon Oil Corporation started to develop their own convenience stores and gas stations. This assignment focuses on answering 4 questions on production and operations managment. The first answer given contains information on analyzing Marathon’s Oil Corporation product process and determining which phase is open to the greatest number of efficiency improvements, that could be done. Second answers focuses on discussing the relationship between the retail price of gasoline and the world demand for crude oil. Third answer explains what Marathon Oil Corporation could do to keep the price at the pump. The last answer given in the assignment researches and describes an impact of a continued moratorium on deep-water drilling for retail gas prices in the U.S, that was established in June 2010 by President Obama. The most important function of production and operations management are also discussed in this assignment. These are managing the production process in way that reduces the lead time, minimizing the wastage of resources and ensuring continuity of operations. The assignmnet also researches chain management of US oil and gas industry, transportation terms and issues, transfering the finished products and ways to accelerate the process of crude oil transportation through pipelines.

Managing in a global context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managing in a global context - Essay Example Fashions diffuse from region to another without encountering any barrier. On the political context, globalization has yielded democratic governance hence increasing citizens’ participation, as well as good governance. One of the most outstanding impacts of globalization in relation to economic aspects is its effects on the automobile industry. For the past three decades, the world has realized a revolution in the automobile industry in terms of production, purchase, use, and repair among others. There is a change in the way people access motor vehicles today compared to previous years when production and purchasing were pegged on certain parameters such as location and prices. Today, the production of the automobile takes place in nearly every developed nation. People no longer look to the East for the production, but most countries produce motor vehicles. Similarly, it has changed and influenced the automobile industry in the developing nations as well as the marketing strate gies. The rest of the paper will discuss the influence of globalization on markets and marketing strategies, global production and supply chain, current developments and key players among other issues. Globalization has greatly influenced the markets and marketing strategies of major players in the automobile industry. The major players include General Motors (GM), Toyota, Ford, Honda, BMW, Chrysler, and Volkswagen (Sturgeon 2009). All these key players operate in the global marketplace and compete fiercely for market share. The process of globalization has eased the production of vehicles due to increased sales. For instance, globalization promoted the establishment of overseas facilities and merger opportunities between giant automobile makers. This has led to increased production as well as marketing. The process of globalization has facilitated the key players to market their brands as well as to tailor the

Amadou Diallo Essay Example for Free

Amadou Diallo Essay Social cognition is the study of how people form attribution or judgments about themselves and the social world from the social information they received from their environment (Chapter Review, 2010). However, it was discovered often marked by apparent errors and biases. People make quick judgment based on their past experiences, hence at times leading to tragic endings. The Amadou Diallo case study was an example of the tragic error which was made by four New York City Police officers. The police shooting of an unarmed man was an act of automatic inferences which happens when people use mental shortcuts to simplify the amount of information they receive from the environment. Automatic thinking is known as the thinking that is unconscious, unintentional, involuntary and effortless (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). While, schemas are mental structure people use to arrange their information regarding the social world around themes or subjects: schemas affect what information we notice, think about, and remember (Chapter Review, 2010). During the incident February 4, 1999, Carroll had made a low-effort automatic thinking with schemas when Diallo reached into his jacket to get his wallet by assuming that Diallo was reaching for a gun in his pocket, and shouted â€Å"Gun! † to alert his colleagues. Officer Carroll’s action was due to his natural instinct or response as most criminal would reach into their pocket for gun during the detection of police officers. He had use schemas to form an expectation of the event in which made him to expect a gun pulling out of Diallo’s jacket rather than his wallet. As he attends to his schema-consistent knowledge: criminals would pull out guns from their jacket when they spotted police officers; his schemas filtered out any inconsistent information: Diallo reached in his jacket to get his wallet; had caused the NYPD officers to fire at Diallo. Besides that, there are also a few theories or concept under automatic thinking with schemas that had shown relevance to the Amadou Diallo case study, such as, accessibility. Accessibility is the ease with which schemas can be brought to one’s mind (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). The four police officers had practiced accessibility when they saw Diallo ran up the outside steps toward his apartment house doorway at their approach, ignoring their orders to stop and â€Å"show his hands†. When they saw Diallo ran after they claimed to have identified themselves as NYPD officers, they might assume that Diallo was the serial rapist they were searching for, as logically a serial rapist or a criminal would ran when approached by police officers to avoid getting caught. The ease of the thought that criminals would run when they spotted police officers, had made the four police officers to identified Diallo as a criminal, although that was not the truth in Diallo’s case. As a result, a firestorm had unfortunately occurred. Furthermore, the four police officers had practice priming in this case study. Priming is the process which related to recent experience that made schemas or concept to come to one’s mind more readily (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). For example, when Officer MeMellon fell down the steps, appearing to be spot, the other three officers might assume that Diallow had fire a gunshot towards Officer McMellon hence causing him to fell down those steps because they had linked it to their recent experiences of gunshot and thought that Officer McMellon had been spot and that Diallo had shot him with his gun. As one would logically fall back when shot. Perseverance effect was also shown in this case study. Perseverance effect is known as the tendency for people’s beliefs about themselves and their world to persist even when those beliefs are discredited (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). When the four NYDP officers thought Diallo matched the description of a (since-captured) serial rapist, it might be due to the fact that Amadou Diallo was an immigrant to the United States and the four police officers could have the belief that immigrants are the major causal crime increment in the Unites States. Hence resulting the police officers to think the worse out of Diallo when he ran and even though he was reaching into his jacket to get his wallet, the police officers had persisted that the square object had been of a firearm although in logical terms both wallet and gun do not share the same shape and size. On the other hand, people also tend to use mental strategies and shortcuts to organize and make sense of their social world, especially when they are lack of full processing time, lack of solid information to use for decision making, information overload, or when the issues are not important to them (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). Mental strategies and shortcuts help people to make decisions easier and allow them to get on with their lives and not turn every decision into a major hurdle. Four NYDP officers had practise judgmental heuristics when they made judgments about Diallo. Police officers thought Diallo had matched the description of a (since-captured) serial rapist. This might be because that Diallo was a dark skin immigrant which had logically matched the description of the serial rapist leading officers to made a quick decision so that they do not need analyse in detailed and make a major hold-up over the matter. Furthermore, the four police officers also did performed availability heuristic in this case. Availability heuristic is a mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to their mind (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). During the incident, Diallo had been mistaken that he was reaching into his jacket to get his firearm whereas he was actually reaching to get his wallet. Officer Carroll had shouted â€Å"Gun! † to his colleagues. His judgment might be due to his ease with which he can bring to his mind, which in this case, was automatically thinking that Diallo’s wallet was a gun, hence warned his colleagues about the matter. Attitude heuristic is the determination of what is â€Å"true† based upon an individual’s feelings towards or for a matter (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). The four police officers also had carried out attitude heuristic towards Amadou Diallo. For example, these police officers might dislike Diallo because he was an immigrant or ‘black’ person therefore assuming that Diallo’s intention, plan, or doings would also be bad too. This caused Diallo to be misinterpreted to be a criminal trying to escape from police detention rather than his true intention, which was believed to initially intend to show the NYPD officers his identification card in his wallet before he wrongly shot. Besides theories and concept of automatic thinking with schemas, the Amadou Diallo case had also displayed a few relevant theories of social perception. During the incident, the four police officers had displayed the attribution theory. Attribution theory is a description of the way which people explain the causes of their own and other people’s behavior (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). It is because that Diallo had run up the outside steps of his apartment after they claimed to identified themselves as NYPD officers, and that he had reached into his jacket, the police officers have made a cause and effect explanation towards Diallo’s behavior hence assuming that he was a criminal or the serial rapist they were searching for, therefore Diallo had run up in the attempt to escape and when he reached into his jacket for his wallet, they thought that he was reaching for his gun to defend himself. Due to this theory, it made sense of he reason four police officers have assumed that Diallo was a criminal and they had to fire back Diallo. All this might be due to the attachment of meaning they decode from Diallo’s nonverbal behavior. In addition, the fundamental attribution error was also shown in the incident when the four police officers have focus on Diallo’s action to run and reached into his jacket, rather than the situation causes of his action, which was intending to reached into his jacket to get his wallet to show the police officers that he was innocent when he was approached by the police officers and asked to â€Å"show his hands†. Fundamental attribution error is known as the tendency to overestimate the extent to which a person’s behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors, one reason people make fundamental attribution error is because the observer only put their attention on the actor, while ignoring the situational causes of the actor’s behavior (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). Furthermore, Diallo had also displayed the spotlight effect in this case study. The spotlight effect is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which our actions and appearance are salient or clear to others (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). When Diallo had reached into his jacket to get his wallet, he might had assumed that the NYPD officers know or understand what he was doing, which in his case, was the probability to take out his wallet and show them he was not the criminal or man they were searching for. However, the four police officers were not aware of his action hence assumed that he has a gun, hence fired at Diallo. Moreover, police officers had also displayed the aggression objects as cues concept during the shooting event. Aggression objects as cue is an aggressive stimulus that act as an object that is associated with aggressive response, and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). The aggressive stimulus in this Diallo case is the guns that the police officers possessed. When the police officers had encountered a threatening or violent stimulus, they were more likely to â€Å"shoot† regardless of what stimulus actually appeared (Baumann Desteno, 2010). Due to the possession of firearms, the four police officers had the higher possibilities to response aggressively towards Diallo, hence the gun act as the object that associated with their aggressive response. Without the firearms that the four police officers possessed, the act of aggression towards Diallo would decrease therefore the firestorm would not have happened. According to Correll et al. (2002), it was found that participants’ performance shown difference regarding race of the targeted person. When a decision making process was time limited, participants had made more errors shooting unarmed African American targets than unarmed White targets. Whereas, participants had made more errors not shooting armed White targets than armed African American targets. In other words, participants were more likely made errors evaluating African American targets as threatening compared to White targets. This means that because Diallo was a ‘black’ immigrant, it increases his rate of being shot. This is an act of stereotype as because Diallo was a ‘black’ immigrant, they assumed that he might be a criminal, hence the police officers thereby increasing the likelihoods for certain interpretations and ensuing actions during the crucial moment, resulting them to mistaken Diallo’s wallet as a gun, hence shot him. In another words, it is like the Arabs possess guns, resulting in more frequent mistaken â€Å"shootings† of Arab men within the context of the shooter bias paradigm (Unkelbach, Forgas, Denson, 2008). There are also group prejudices that had been displayed in the Amadou Diallo case study. The four police officers had shown prejudice against Diallo because he was a dark-skin immigrant, hence they have ordered him to stop and â€Å"show his hands† without confirming whether he was the serial rapist they were searching for. Seeing the suspect holding a small square object, Officer Carroll yelled Gun! to alert his colleagues, believing that Diallo had aimed a gun at them at close range, the officers opened fire on Diallo. Diallo was a West African immigrant with no criminal record (Cooper, 1999). It was clearly shown the act of prejudice towards Diallo, whom was misunderstood or misinterpreted just because of his race. Furthermore, discrimination was shown in the Amadou Diallo case when the four NYPD officers had opened fire to shoot Diallo without proper investigation on his identity and the square object that he was holding during the incident. The action carried out by the four police officers was unjustified and harmful towards Diallo because he was a West American immigrant in the United States. Finally, illusory correlation was also shown in the Amadou Diallo case. An illusory correlation is the tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). When Diallo ran up the outside steps of his apartment and pulled out his wallet, the police officers had correlated his action to a criminal’s doing hence leading them to assume that he was a criminal ready to open fire at them in short range. These two events are distinctive and hardly correlated. Because Diallo was a West African immigrant, therefore the police officers correlated the two events together, causing Diallo his innocent life.

Government Expenditure Causes the Revenue Generation by Government Taxation

Government Expenditure Causes the Revenue Generation by Government Taxation INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview The relationship between government revenue and expenditure is a very important topic and has been an essential issue for many economists and policy makers as it represents budget deficit, government expenditure Plans and taxation structure of a country. Since the main objective of every government is to improve economic growth with low debt levels, better education system, development of infrastructure and job opportunities better fiscal policy is needed to achieve these goals. From a short term perspective fiscal policy is said to be expansionary when government expenditures exceeds the total revenue and the resulting deficit is then financed by the government, However if these expenditures contributes in economic growth then there is a long term relationship exist between government expenditure and economic growth. In addition different studies indicate that the determination of Economic growth is depended on tax levels. Whereas many believe that the most significant factor that c ontributes in economic growth is tax level as the collection for development purposes of most developed and developing countries depend on tax revenue. 1.2 Research Problem In Pakistan the level of budget deficits have consistently increasing from 2005 which is then financed by the government through external and domestic borrowing resulting in a higher debt levels due to high interest cost associated with it and leads to more future tax expectations. Thus the financing by the government for the compensation of deficit is an important variable, several studies have put light on the outcome of fiscal deficit but very few have tried to find the reasons and causes of these deficits which is why the nexus between government revenue and expenditure is still an unsolved issue. Therefore the main purpose of this research is to study the causal relationship between government revenue and expenditure. 1.3 Hypotheses : Tax Revenue causes Government Expenditure. : Government Expenditure causes Tax Revenue. : Tax Revenue and Government Expenditure Bilaterally cause to each other. 1.4 Outline of the Study The research studies the causal relationship between government expenditure and tax revenue to see the reasons for the consistent budget deficits in Pakistan from many years. In addition time series analyses have been done to forecast the trend of government expenditure and revenue based on the leading variable. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Loganathan, Nanthakumar, Taha, and Roshaiza. (2007) have found a stable relationship between spending and revenue. Furthermore there is a long-term impact exist expenditures that enter as input into the production function and those that enter as inputs in investment technologies. Koch, Schoeman and Tonder (2005) found that there is an association between burden of taxes and economic growth according to the findings based on the data of 1960-2002 if tax burden decreases economic growth increases significantly. Friedman (1982) explains expenditure of the government depends on total revenue because as taxes increases expenditure increases by which deficit remains at the same level, he believes that the level of fiscal deficit cannot be reduced by increasing taxes. Buchanan and Wagner (1977) on the other hand have presented an alternative hypothesis that increase in taxes does not lead towards low expenditures because taxes creates higher price of goods for the public due to high interest cost associated with it Buchanan and Wagner suggest that in order to restore deficit government should limit its financing ability. Sobhee and Sanjeev (2004) tested the causality from tax to expenditure and from expenditure to taxes by using the data of public finance and founded that in a small economy government first accommodate the necessary funds then use them for public expenditure, therefore to avoid the situation of fiscal deficit the government must carefully monitor and control its spending programs. Fasano and Wang (2002) in a research on GCC countries founded that the primary Source of revenue is oil and due to the economic fluctuations medium-term expenditure strategy should be adopted according to which expenditure should not exceed the non-oil revenue so that in recessions to compensate expenditures oil revenues can be injected by short-term accommodations. Second hypothesis where causality runs from expenditure to revenue the government first spend and then to accommodate the required level of expenditure adjusts tax policy. Peacock and Wiseman (1979) Argues that due to economic crises government expenditure increases and they also remain at the same level when the crises is over. In their view government expenditure in driven by strong economic crises which is able to change public perception about the size of the government. Gounder, Narayan, Prasad (2007) find compatibility with the second hypothesis that the increase in taxes for the accommodation of government spending affects on the capital investment by investors due to the fear of paying higher taxes in future. The third hypothesis is fiscal synchronization according to which expenditure and revenue decisions are independent and bilaterally cause to each other. Reflecting the traditional theories for the demand for public goods. Meltzer and Richard (1981), according to him the demand of public expenditures and taxes need to compensate these expenditures are compared with many alternative spending programs for cost benefit analysis, therefore the practical implication of this hypothesis is bidirectional causality. Narayan and Narayan (2006) suggest three reasons regarding the importance of nexus between government revenue and expenditure first if proper implementation on policies is taken into consideration regarding government revenue fiscal deficit can be avoided, second if causality runs from expenditure to revenue outflow increases due to the fear that government will spend first and pay for it later by increasing taxes. Third in case of bidirectional causality expenditure can rise faster than revenue which can create huge budget deficits because revenue and expenditure decisions are independent of each other. Baharumshah and Lau (2007) Find two sets of different results where the fiscal policy of Korea, Singapore and Thailand is driven by expenditures where the government finances revenue for the planned expenditures according to the limit of the balanced budget which facilitate the long term sustainable budget position. However the taxation system should be implemented by taking care of the overall smooth fiscal policy. Whereas in case of Malaysia and Philippines expenditures and revenues are independent of each other and the level of government expenditures and revenues is determined through fiscal policy based on marginal cost and revenue. Furthermore the findings indicate that in order to achieve long-term economic growth fiscal consolidation is necessary to reduce deficits and debt levels which lead a country to fulfill expenditure priorities better and provide funds to more productive sectors. Griffin and McKinley (1992) believes that the expenditure policies of the government should be directed towards long-term future growth and for the well being of the people, Therefore activities that contribute more on socio economic development should be increased instead of using resources and funds to military defense projects. King and Rebelo (1990) taxation has a very important role in the long run growth process of a country where growth is not affected by indirect taxation, however direct taxation is harmful for growth. Roshaiza, Taha, Nanthakumar and Loganathan (2008) found in an analysis of Malaysia that the major part of taxes is direct taxes and reducing direct and indirect taxes will lead to reduce in government expenditures, In addition non-tax revenue does not contribute much in economys growth. Hondroyiannis and Papapetrou (1996) find unidirectional causality running from government expenditure to revenues in Greece where the reason of fiscal deficit from a long period of time was government spending decisions. The government spending to GDP is very high in Greece which results an operating inefficiency for the economy. Furthermore the results indicated that reducing fiscal deficit without reducing the government expenditure will leads to failure. Ahiakpor and Amirkhalkhali (1989) Based on the analysis of Canada found that to show the relevant results of fiscal policy government increase taxes which is a temporary and incomplete act in order to fully take control over fiscal deficit the government must reduce or limit its expenditures instead of finding ways to increase tax revenue burden on public. Baghestani and McNown (2004) in a study of Egypt and Jordan claim that to promote domestic savings and private investment it is necessary to eliminate budget deficit for both the counties. Baghestani supported the causality from tax revenue to expenditure in case of Egypt and bi-lateral causality in case Jordan. Furthermore promoted the process of privatization because it facilitate high domestic saving and investment and at the same time helps to reduce fiscal deficit. Neyapti (2008) studied the influence of fiscal decentralization on government revenue and expenditure and indicated that decentralization improves quality of governance which leads to decrease in budget deficit and stable economic condition. However the efficiency of fiscal decentralization increases in case of large population. Keho (2010) Study the data fo 1660 to 2005 to analyses the causal relationship between government expenditure and tax revenue to see which expenditure and revenue items plays a part in the reduction of budget deficit and found that GDP has significant effect on government expenditure. Furthermore the findings of granger causality test indicate unidirectional causality from government revenue to expenditure based on the findings Keho et al. concluded that the implementation for the elimination of fiscal deficit should not me made by just increasing revenues. Thus without spending cuts the results will not be beneficial. In other words tax system should be made with proper spending control system. Brennan and Buchanan (1980) suggest that in order to reduce fiscal deficit constitutional limits should be imposed on post-constitutional governments, so that revenue collection by latter governments can be reduced otherwise the level of goods demand by public to be financed will be minimum whereas revenue collection will be higher. Baffes and Anwar (1990) conducted the research for the countries Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Pakistan to determine the behavior of government towards revenue and expenditures for the alignment of fiscal deficit. The results found to be positive for Mexico, Brazil and Pakistan while the similar findings havent been found for Argentina and Chile. For Brazil, Mexico and Pakistan causality runs in both ways in other words bidirectional causality where decisions for the government spending and revenue are taken simultaneously. However in case of Argentina and Chile causality runs from expenditure to revenue. The results indicates that to control budget deficit the government should increase revenue collection and restrain expenditure whereas public expenditures should be reduced in Argentina and Chile. Stoian (2008) founded in case of Romania by applying Johansen cointegration and Error Correction model that the long run relationship between government revenue and expenditure do not affect major fiscal imbalances. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Method of Data Collection Data of the two variables Government Expenditure and Total Revenue is taken from secondary sources with the help of multiple sources which includes (Ministry of Finance), (State bank of Pakistan) and (Hand book of Statistics on Pakistan Economy). 3.2 Sample Size Sample of 31 observations have been used by using the data of public finance from the year 1979-2010. Where the variable (Total Tax Revenue) has been created by adding indirect-tax, direct-tax, Non-tax revenue and surcharges and (Total Expenditure) has been calculated by adding Development and Non-Development Expenditures. 3.3 Research Model Granger model is used to study the causality where TR is the total revenue and TE is total government expenditure. The above two equation represents the hypothesis where the causality running from total expenditure to revenue in equation one and from revenue to expenditure in equation two. Therefore incase of rejection of any hypothesis we conclude unidirectional causality between government expenditure to revenue. However, if both the hypothesis is rejected we concluded bidirectional causality in other words fiscal synchronization exists between government revenue and expenditure. 3.4 Statistical Technique In this research granger causality test by granger (1969) has been applied to study the causal relationship by comparing one time series with another (Government Expenditure with Government revenue) where one variable becomes the cause of the other variable to predict it significantly. In addition cross-correlation has been applied to assess the correlation between both time series variables. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1 Findings and Interpretation of the results Table 4.1 Pairwise Granger Causality Tests Date: 01/27/11 Time: 17:32 Sample: 1 32 Lags: 2   Null Hypothesis: Obs F-Statistic Prob.     TOTAL_EX does not Granger Cause TOTAL_RE   30   0.84135 0.4430   TOTAL_RE does not Granger Cause TOTAL_EX   14.2132 8.E-05 With the help of the summary given in the table above we find that there is a unidirectional causality exist between total government expenditure and total revenue, as the value of F-Statistic is 3.5 we will reject the null hypothesis (TOTAL_RE does not Granger Cause TOTAL_EX). Table 4.1.2 Cross Correlations Series Pair:Total_Revenue with Total_Expenditure Lag Cross Correlation Std. Errora -16 -.177 .250 -15 -.143 .243 -14 -.099 .236 -13 -.056 .229 -12 -.010 .224 -11 .044 .218 -10 .097 .213 -9 .137 .209 -8 .210 .204 -7 .255 .200 -6 .299 .196 -5 .353 .192 -4 .427 .189 -3 .513 .186 -2 .663 .183 -1 .796 .180 0 .994 .177 1 .810 .180 2 .662 .183 3 .544 .186 4 .431 .189 5 .344 .192 6 .271 .196 7 .208 .200 8 .148 .204 9 .094 .209 10 .053 .213 11 .005 .218 12 -.036 .224 13 -.078 .229 14 -.114 .236 15 -.153 .243 16 -.188 .250 a. Based on the assumption that the series are not cross correlated and that one of the series is white noise. Figure 4.1.1 The results of cross-correlation indicates total revenue as a leading time series variabler with a strong correlation of .994 with government expenditures at lag 0, furthermore correlation a possitive correlation has been found from lag 1 to lag 11, However the correlation is dexreasing and from 12 to 16 lags correlation in negative predicting that with the increase in total revenue, total government expenditure will decrease in furture. CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion In this paper we have studied the causal link between total government expenditure and total revenue in Pakistan using granger causality test and the supportive cross correlation from 1979-2010. Our result from granger causality supports the hypothesis that tax revenue causes government expenditure in Pakistan. In addition cross correlation results have indicated long-term results that with the increase in revenue expenditures will increase. Therefore the major conclusion drawn from this research is that in order to eliminate the problem of fiscal deficit and sustainable economic growth government should focus on the policies which facilitate increasing revenue. 5.2 Discussion Various studies have analyzed the causal relationship between government expenditure and revenue. Some supported with unidirectional causality occurring from revenue to spending and from expenditure to revenue whereas some have indicated the result of bidirectional causality. However, both the variables have significant impact on budget deficit and economic growth. Fiscal deficit in Pakistan is a major issue as the findings of cross correlation indicates that the revenue and expenditures are correlated which means that as revenue increase expenditure increases and deficit remains at the same level and to compensate this deficit government increases its debt financing from domestic and foreign sources which leads towards inflation and high interest rates. 5.3 Implications and Recommendations The model and analysis of this study is very useful for economists and policy makers as it helps in enhancing revenue by tax reform programs. In addition for the determination of optimal spending expenditure reform assessment can be done through cost and benefit analysis which will help in setting objectives for tax collections and better utilization of taxes. 5.4 Future Research Future research possibilities could be as follows first variables like national income and debt financing could be included in the research. Second data sets of multiple countries would be interesting to analyze the causal relationship using the same model in comparison with this research. REFERENCES Ahiakpor, J.C.W., Amirkhalkhali S. (1989). On the Difficulty of Eliminating Deficits with Higher Taxes: Some Canadian Evidence. Southern Economic Journal, 56, pp. 24-31. Buchanan, J. M., Wagner, R. E. (1977). Democracy in Deficit, New York: Academic Press. Baharumshah, A. Z., Lau, E. (2007). Regime Changes And The Sustainability Of Fiscal Imbalance In East Asian Countries. Elsevier, 24 (6), pp. 878-894 Baghestani H., McNown R. (1994). Do Revenues or Expenditures Respond to Budgetary Disequilibria?. Southern Economic Journal, 61, pp. 311-322. Brennan, G., Buchanan, J. (1980). The Power to Tax: Analytical Foundations of the Fiscal Constitution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Baffes, J., Shah, A. (1990). Taxing choices in deficit reduction. Policy Research Working Paper Series 556, The World Bank. Friedman, M. (1982). Personal interview, The Washington Times, June, p. 2 Fasano, U., Wang, Q. (2002). Testing the Relationship between Government Spending and Revenue: Evidence from GCC Countries. IMF Working Papers 02/201. (Washington: International Monetary Fund) Gounder, N., Narayan, P. K., Prasad, A. (2007). An empirical investigation of the relationship between government revenue and expenditure: The case of the Fiji Islands. International Journal of Social Economics. 34, pp. 147-158. Griffin, K., McKinley, T. (1992). Towards a Human Development Strategy. Occasional Paper 6, December. Hondroyiannis, G., Papapetrou, E. (1996). An Examination of the Causal Relationship between Government Spending and Revenue: A Cointegration analysis. Public Choice, 89 pp. 363-374. Koch, S. F., Schoeman, N. J., Tonder, J. J. V. (2005). ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE STRUCTURE OF TAXES IN SOUTH AFRICA: 1960-2002. South African Journal of Economics, 73, 190-210. King, R. G., Rebelo, S. (1990). Public Policy and Economic Growth: Developing Neoclassical Implications. Journal of Political Economy, 98, pp. 126-150. Keho, Y., (2010). Budget balance through revenue or spending adjustments? An econometric analysis of the Ivorian budgetary process, 1960 2005. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2(1), pp.001-011. Loganathan, Nanthakumar, Taha, Roshaiza. (2007). Have Taxes Led Government Expenditure in Malaysia? Journal of International Management Studies. Meltzer, A.H, Richard, S. F. (1981). A rational theory of the size of the government. Journal of Political Economy, 89, pp. 914-927. Narayan, P.K., Narayan, S. (2006). Government revenue and government expenditure nexus: evidence from developing countries. Applied Economics, 38, pp. 285-291. Neyapti, B., (2010). Fiscal decentralization and deficits: International evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 26(2), pp. 155-166. Peacock, S.M., Wiseman, J. (1979). Approaches to the Analysis of Government Expenditures Growth. Public Finance Quarterly, 7, pp. 3-23. Roshaiza, Taha, Nanthakumar, Loganathan, (2008). Causality between tax revenue and government spending in Malaysia. The International Journal of Business and Finance, 2 pp. 63-73. SOBHEE, Sanjeev K. (2004). The causality between tax and spend of the public sector in maturities: A VECM approach. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 1-3, pp.115-130 Stoian, A., (2008). Analyzing Causality between Romanias Public Budget Expenditures and Revenues. Theoretical and Applied Economics. 11, No.528.

Strategic management and organisational change

Strategic management and organisational change Introduction IMAX operated at three different industries, and it had done successful in some part of its business, while there were also some weakness for its development. This assignment is going to assess the current situation of IMAX, including analysing the nature and source of its competitive advantage, its sustainable competitive advantage, and future development. The first section will seek to present the nature and source of IMAX s competitive advantage by using appropriate strategy, and the next section will introduce its sustainable competitive advantage. In the final section, some key issues of IMAX s future development will be discussed, and some recommendations will be given as well, which may help IMAX to grow its business in the near future. The Nature And Source Of IMAX s Competitive Advantages Selecting Appropriate Theoretical Frameworks To begin with, there are two primary issues to be discussed. First one is which level of strategy should be used in this case. Basically, a company has two levels of strategies, which are business level strategy and corporate level strategy. Business level strategy concerns how to create competitive advantage in each of the business in which a company competes, whilst corporate level strategy concerns what business the corporation should in and how the corporate office should manage the array of business units. The main difference between these two is that corporate level strategy is what makes the corporate whole add up to more than the sum of its business units (Porter, 1996). IMAX has three different business units, therefore, it could be easily considered that the case more concerns with corporate level strategy. The next issue to be considered is which strategy should be selected to analyse the case based on corporate level strategy. There are two strategies which can be selected, the RBV (resource-based view) and the Positioning School. The RBV is more emphasis on the resources and capabilities controlled by a company as sources of competitive advantage, while the Positioning School is more focus on externally orientated and market driven (Barney, 2008). This case mentions a little about IMAX s market driven, thus there is not enough evidence to use the positioning school strategy for analysing its competitive advantage. In contrast, the case introduce IMAX s hardware, software, financial power, technologies and other special sources, which are helpful for using the RBV to analyse IMAX s competitive advantage. The Nature And Source Of Competitive Advantages Competitive advantage emerges from distinctive resources or capabilities that firms control, that is, something that firms do particularly well in comparison with their competitors (Peteraf, 1993). IMAX has its technology resource, brand image and organizational resource better than other film companies, which can conclude its core competence, therefore it is easy to get IMAX s competitive advantages from its core competence. Technology Resource IMAX has the technological capability to do RD on both hardware and software rather than its competitors in the film industry, thereby its technological capability can be regarded as its core competence. IMAX was founded as the only company in the world that was involved in all aspects of large format films, and its unique technological capability can lead to its first-mover advantage. It used its technique know-how to produce projectors with special features, to design large format films, to develop lightweight 3D camera and 3D directional sound technology, etc, and all the unique technology differentiate IMAX from other conventional movie technologies. IMAX could make its audiences enjoy its special IMAX experience which can not be replicated through DVDs or in conventional theatres, because of the unprecedented shock of the visual and auditory. Its advanced technology held 46 patents and had 7 patents pending in the U.S., also its technological prowess was the 1997 Oscar Award which received for Scientific and Technical Achievement. As the first-mover advantage, IMAX achieved the most advanced level of film technology, which can be considered as the competitive advantage so that I MAX can attract more audiences to have different experiences from conventional movies, to keep its market presence. IMAX kept innovation on its technology in order to maintain its growth. IMAX spent almost five per cent of its sales revenue on RD in 2007, and about $12.6 million in RD was spent in the last three years. MPX technology was developed to allow IMAX and theatre-owners to convert existing multiplexes screens to IMAX format, and a patented digital re-mastering (DMR) technology was designed to convert traditional 35 mm films into the large-screen format and even develop 3D versions. Those two technologies could help IMAX to launch more IMAX films, to expand the core audience and to make the box office revenue. Besides this, IMAX had solved the teething problems with DMR technology and the costs of conversion of Hollywood movies into IMAX format had come down. As a result, they led IMAX to have cost advantage. Brand Image IMAX had the capability to use its band image, which could be considered as its core competence and add more economic value to its corporation, and as a result, it could lead to brand effect within the film industry. Since the first multi-screen theater system launched in 1967 and the first IMAX film premiered in 1970, as the first-mover advantage, IMAX had made a good reputation and also had its loyal audience base. Moreover, choosing prestigious venues to locate IMAX had created a unique brand image, which would result in its brand effect within the industry. Organisational Resource Lado and Wilson (1994) proposed a widely accepted definition of organisational capabilities: managerial, input-based, transformational, output-based. IMAX used its unique organisational resorces to achieve the operational process effectively. IMAX maintained long-term relationships with the vendors who supplied the components, produced movies and systems, and then distributed them to the theaters. IMAX also had its wholly-owned subsidiary, in which IMAX had 51 per cent ownership, and its subsidiary could help IMAX perform the post-production work. The talent organizational capability which was well used in the organization made its production, post-production, distribution link well and led to its operation efficiency. IMAX s Sustainable Competitive Advantage s Sources There is competition from Pixar/Disney which have the same target customers with IMAX, the only rival within the large format film segment, and the potential new independent firms to enter the industry with the increasingly development of new technology. On the other hand, many alternative sources of entertainment such as live plays, TV programs, the Internet, sport events attract viewers as well. Therefore, there is no doubt that IMAX has increasingly pressure come from the competitors within the industry. The resource-based view (RBV) of the firm holds that certain assets with certain characteristics will lead to sustainable competitive advantage (Black, 1994). The sources of IMAX s competitive advantages are going to analysed using the VRIO framework, sequentially to evaluate which one is sustainable. VRIO Analysis It is necessary to make the assumption that the firm resources may be heterogeneous and immobile in order to know the sources of sustainable competitive advantage, and a firm source must have four attributes to hold the potential of sustained competitive advantages, that the firm source must be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and substitutable (Barney, 1991). Appendix shows whether IMAX s competitive advantages sources are sustainable using the VRIO framework. The sources of competitive advantages of IMAX could add value. Economic value could be added to a corporation through either increasing its total revenue, or lowering its costs. Innovating through its high level of technology resource allowed the conversion costs down and saved the costs, and developing MPX technology and DMR technology would expand the core audience and increase the box office revenue, both of them added more economic value to IMAX.. Most sources of the competitive advantages of IMAX were rare in the film industry. IMAX mastered a high level of technology resources in the film industry, and it only had one rival within the large format film segment. Besides, IMAX hold its unqiue brand image and also operated at a unique business model by using its organisational resources, which was also rare in the film industry. The particular capabilities were not controlled by numerous competitors, therefore IMAX s competitive advantages were likely to be rare. â€Å"Competitive advantage is more likely to be created and sustained if the organisation has distinctive or unique capabilities that competitors cannot imitate.†( Johnson, 2005) Most resources of IMAX s competitive advantages are difficult for its competitors to imitate. The conversion technology such as MPX technology and DMR technology and its designed projectors are hard for competitors to copy, because IMAX invested a large amount of money and time and also hire the talent employee on RD, innovation, marketing, which would be considered as sunk costs within the film industry. Besides this, IMAX technology held 46 patents and had 7 patents pending in the U.S., therefore IMAX s high level of technological breakthroughs which were carefully patented could be considered the unique capability in the film industry. In addition, IMAX made a good reputation and had its loyal audience base through the years, therefore it had its own brand image, which could make barriers for entr ants to copy. The competitive advantages of IMAX were explored by organisation. IMAX had fully explored and used of its technology resources, organisational resources and unique brand image, then organised and took full advantages of its sources and capabilities. Given the VRIO framework analysis, it is not difficult to conclude that most sources of IMAX s competitive advantages are sustainable, as they are based on the core competences of IMAX. Recommendations For IMAX s Future Development As the competitors are increasingly strong and the movie technology and film industry are changing everyday, IMAX may face some unprecedented challenges in the future. Based on the RBV and VRIO analysis, IMAX should sustain its competitive advantages and also gain some new competitive advantages to respond in the future. Two Larger Issues To Be Discussed IMAX faced two critical issues, which were whether or not to exhibit too many Hollywood movies, and whether or not sold itself to a larger studio such as Sony, Disney or Time-Warner. The two problems will be addressed firstly, and then some certain recommendations will be provided. Traditional IMAX films were often educational and entertaining, and involved documentaries of natural and scientific wonders which were mostly located in museums, aquariums, zoos and other institutions, and IMAX had engaged in alliances with commercial movie theatre owners. However, IMAX could not escape the crisis that hit the theatre industry in the late 1990s, and it began to have financial problems. IMAX had long-term debt through the years, and both its net income and cash flows were negative in 2006 and 2007. In order to solve the financial problem and survive in the future, IMAX has to change its strategy to maintain its growth. At that time, acquisition by a larger studio such as Sony, Disney or Time-Warner is a good idea and developing trend for IMAX in the future. Two firms which both had trustworthy brand effect combined will be greater than their economic value as separate entities. Through acquisition, large studio can not only address IMAX s financial problem and help IMAX to pay off its debt, but also can get more economic returns and add more value through IMAX. Besides, IMAX can ensure its survival and make more business opportunities in the future. After acquisition, the studio can install more IMAX digital theatres systems, and invested more money on marketing, to attract more audiences to watch its IMAX films and increase its box office revenue. Furthermore, the studio can convert its own films into IMAX large format films with lower costs or create new films combined with both studio and IMAX s brand, hence it will expand their core audience, therefore it will create more economic value to both studio and IMAX. On the other hand, to solve the same problem facing to IMAX, exhibiting Hollywood movies is a good idea for IMAX to increase its box office revenue. IMAX can sustain its competitive advantages, use its strong RD team developing DMR technology that allows converting traditional 35 mm films into the large-screen format Hollywood films. It keeps innovation and worked out the teething problems, as a result the costs of conversion had come down, consequently more IMAX screens will be open to launch Hollywood films. The IMAX strategy of moving into Hollywood films will increase its box office revenue and expand the core audience. IMAX can continue making educational films for families, students and tourists, while Hollywood films can also be launched during the evening. This will not make IMAX lose its differentiation, in contrast, it will create more IMAX s brand effect, because most of which come from the entertainment experiences. Other Recommendations Compete Among Rivals Some studios such as Pixar/Disney produced the films for the same targeted group, and within the large format film segment, IMAX faced only rival Iwerks, which was merged with SimEx, a ride simulation and animation production company. One possible solution to compete this rival is that IMAX is acquired by a larger studio, therefore overcomes its financial problems and also has the equivalent strengths to compete with it. There was also another film, Pollavison, which was engaged in consulting services for large format film theatres. IMAX could develop its technology and hold its core innovation capability to keep its leadership. Technology Development â€Å"Edutainment† Market Internationalisation Although IMAX did have marketing staff at its office in Canada, the United States, Europe, Japan and China to market its theatre systems and IMAX movies were showed in 40 countries, almost 60 per cent of the theatres were in North America. The film industry is now increasingly becoming international, and Asia-Pacific market is becoming the largest part of the global market, therefore IMAX can expand its market internationally and attract more international audiences instead of American audiences. IMAX can install a large number of its theatre systems annually across different countries especially Asia-Pacific market, and also market and advertise its film to help maximise its theatre attendance and increase its box office revenue. Conclusion Based on the RBV, it is clear that IMAX has its high technology, unique organizational methods and human resource better than other film companies, which can be treated as its competitive advantages. Using the RVIO model, it is not difficult to conclude that most of its competitive advantages are sustainable. However, as the movie technology and film industry are developing everyday, IMAX may face some unprecedented challenges. Therefore, IMAX should develop its sustainable competitive advantages and also †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ to address the problems in the future. References Peteraf, M.A. (1993) ‘The Cornerstone of the Competitive Advantage: A Resource-based View, Strategic Management Journal, 14: 179-91. Porter, M. (1996). From competitive advantage to corporate strategy. In M. Goold K. Luchs. Managing the multibusiness company: strategic issues for diversified groups, Lado, A. and Wilson, M. (1994) ‘Human Resource System and Sustained Competitive Advantage: Competency-based Perspective, Academy of Management Review, 19: 699-727. Black, J. A. Strategic resources: traits, configurations and paths to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal 15(1994):131. Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm resources and sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17 (1): 99.

The Feelings Of Falling In Love :: essays research papers fc

The Feelings of Falling in Love What is Love? Is it attraction? Is it intimacy? Is it attachment? Love, in fact, is all of these things combined together. "Love is spiritual, not physical. It is a union of souls and hearts and minds, not something you can't put under your microscope and understand!" Love is an emotion combined with a series of feelings. These feelings can be immensely powerful and wonderful. Romantic love is defined to be an intense emotional state that one person experiences in relation to another. These types of feelings appear to be among the most intense that most of us are capable of, and at least in some cases, grow rather than diminish with time. Falling in love can be one of the most unexplainable feelings a person can endure. There are two sets of feelings that are the basis of modern romantic relationships. The first is attraction. Attraction is the excitement you feel when falling in love. To better explain this feeling, attraction is what you feel when you have met someone new who really excites you and you begin to feel aroused when thinking about this person. Although this sounds very sexual, this feeling is just the first of what will most likely become a sexual passion. When in this first state of attraction, your body feels different - more bouncy, more energetic, and in need of less food and sleep. When in this state of attraction, one feels very happy and different every time that they are with this person. Frequently the presence (or sometimes merely thought) of the loved one can evoke specific physiological reactions. These physiological reactions include: erections for the male, wetness for the female, a lump in the throat, sweaty palms, weak knees, cold feet, a pounding heart. dizziness, and butterflies in the stomach. These physiological reations are completely normal when falling in love. The second type of feeling that one endures when falling in love is attachment. Attachment is a bond or a special tie between people that are attracted to one another. Attachment helps keep people together and has more to do with feelings of security than of excitement. Romantic love requires attraction plus attachment. Someone can be very strongly attracted to another person but never become attached. Without some feeling of attachment, attraction is nonspecific. Once you have begun to fall in love with someone, this process becomes more and more important and you begin to feel more attached to this person. When in this state of attachment, each person would feel as if they are one person combined together. A special bond is shared and a sense of

Crime And Punishment :: essays research papers

â€Å"Raskolnikov, Why’d you do it?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character Raskolnikov in the novel Crime and Punishment is among one of the most realistic and believable characters I have ever read about. He is also the most confusing and distraught man I have been introduced to this entire year. Raskolnikov possesses the most varying personality imaginable and this makes the reasoning behind his actions a mystery, especially in the case of the murder. Determining the rationale in killing the old pawnbroker is a complex process that necessitates deep thought from the reader. It is also a difficult point to argue because Dostoevsky’s novel is so intensely detailed that different readers can emphasize different aspects of the book in order to attempt to explain Raskolnikov’s deeds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guilt as well as intellectual reasoning prove to be the main motivating factors behind the crime of Raskolnikov. Throughout the novel his actions are usually a result of his striking intelligence or his tormenting conscience, or in the situation of the murder, both. Raskolnikov’s idea to kill the old pawnbroker stems from a theory he was developing. It was probable that during his studies at the university he was aquatinted with the popular philosophies of two German thinkers of the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of these philosophers is George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who had formulated a conception of an exceptional individual he called a â€Å"superman†. Hegel’s superman exists for good purposes. He stands above and beyond the ordinary man and works for the good of all men. The most controversial part of this superman theory that Raskolnikov obviously adopts is the Machiavellian belief that the end justifies the mean. This means that anything that could have a beneficial outcome for many should be considered regardless of the sacrifice of the few. If the intent is noble the method will be justified. According to Hegel, any damaging part of a community should be removed, and one tiny crime will be wiped clean by the good deeds that occur because of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another prevalent German theorist was Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche who had a differing opinion of the superman. His idea was that the superman does not live for benefit of society, but instead for his own personal satisfaction. Nobility never prompts any of his aims. Nietzsche was a devout atheist who believed that either no God exists or that He was dead, so his superman is a man who, without fear of God, exerts his own desires completely.