The Meaning Of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Meaning Of Art - Essay Example The work of art is geared towards filling a gap in the market. For example, those that are unable to afford the expensive diamond can opt to have plastic artistic works. The aesthetic is also very important in motivating an artist; Mary Heilmann, points out to color and aesthetics as the major inspirations to her work. Artists also find it appropriate and derive a lot of inspiration from doing their work in a different way; this is according to Heilmann2. The importance of art was another aspect addressed in the readings. In the reading, why is art important? Both the video as well as the drawing provided much insight on the essence of developing an artistic work. According to Doris Salcedo, art brings history alive and makes generations to have a connection. He described his work of art as a connection between people of different ages since such could easily be forgotten. Art does not only provide the remembrance of the artist but also the events or situations depicted in the artist ic work. In addition, it is apparent from Salcedo that art brings forth aspect that provides a common platform to the society. It is also clear that art plays a role in attempting to address experiences of people3. According to the â€Å"Fantasy† by Jeff Koons, art presents some power that is accompanied some form of moral authority. Some of the moral aspects of artwork include good ethics and encouraging spirituality4. In this regard, art work plays a role of informing the public on best practices and morality. Another Art21 reading under focus is, What makes something a work of art? Over time creativity has created a diversification in the work of art, in the modern context the work of art takes a broad perspective. Some artistic work is supposed to be a creative component that should not always be predictable by the people that view it.

Chicken Ala Carte Essay Example for Free

Chicken Ala Carte Essay Thousands of people die every day due to hunger and malnutrition. This short film shows a forgotten portion of the society. The people who live on the refuse of men to survive. What is inspiring is the hope and spirituality that never left this people. It clearly displayed that hunger and poverty kicks as main problem of the society and some people are too blind to see it. The videography of the film was too shaky and some parts are blurry. This is actually effective for me as for the fact that it is a documentary and it made me feel like I am in the real setting of the event. Another element is the actors in the film. They portrayed their roles truly and they were really convincing which made the film so sympathetic and melancholic. The songs used in the later part of the film also added to the mood. The setting of the film was very dirty and crowded, enough components to represent a place where poverty is happening. The kids in the squatters’ area were also good representations of hunger and malnutrition in an isolated community. The most powerful part of the story, for me, was when the father tapped his kid on his hands, which cannot wait to eat, just because he forgot to pray. This showed me that even though things are getting to worse than expected, we still have to give thanks to Him for we are blessed that we still live this life with His spirit guiding us. It also displayed to me the spirituality of a man and his faith that is strong enough to continue living their lives. Furthermore, this film made me realize that I am so blessed. Many people out there struggle for food while I can easily buy them anywhere I wanted to. I can choose where to live while they cannot because they cannot afford a concrete shelter. These people are the ones in need and we must have time to reach out for them to have their chance of having a life with comfort. In addition, I couldn’t stop myself from having sympathy for those who are on the overlooked portion of our country for they are the ones who deserve to benefit the profit our country has earned. In this kind of situation, you can’t really avoid to demand that those people should be the one our government should be focusing on improving one’s life due to the fact that since they pursue themselves to the politics, it is their duty to serve their countrymen first before anything else. Aside from scarcity, I believe education is also the key to keep away from those kinds of circumstances in life because if you are a well-educated person, you will be aware of family planning and most especially you have the capability to earn money and buy foods in order for you and your family to survive.

Leadership style in national oil corporation

Leadership style in national oil corporation CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Libya is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa. Libya has attracted hydrocarbon exploration since 1956, when the first wildcat oil well was drilled onshore in the Sirte Basin. Libya granted multiple concessions to Esso, Mobil, Texas Gulf, and others, resulting in major oil discoveries by 1959. The government dominates Libyas economy through control of oil resources, which account for approximately 95% of export earnings, 75% of government receipts, and over 50% of GDP. The National Oil Corporation was established in 1970. It dominates Libyas oil industry, along with a number of smaller subsidiaries, which combined account for around half of the countrys oil output.   Figure 1.1the map of Libya describes Gas Pipeline, Oil Pipeline, Oil Field, Liquefied Gas Planet Oil Terminal (Oil Exporting harbor) and Petroleum refining which owned and controlled by National Oil Corporation in Libya.  Ã‚   National Oil Corporation is carrying out exploration and production operations through its own affiliated companies, or in participation with other companies under service contracts or any other kind of petroleum investment agreements. This is in addition to marketing operations of oil and gas, locally and abroad. NOC has its own fully owned companies which carry out exploration, development and production operations, in addition to local and international marketing companies. NOC also has participation agreements with specialized international companies. Such agreements have developed into exploration and production sharing agreements, in accordance with the development of the international oil and gas industry, and international petroleum marketing. The National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) is a state-owned company that controls Libyas oil and gas production. The company is the biggest oil producer in Africa. Its mandate was to endeavor to promote the Libyan economy by undertakin g development, management and exploitation of oil resources as well as by participating in planning and executing the general oil policy of the state. The Brega Petroleum Marketing Company, a subsidiary of NOC, was set up to carry out the marketing activities of NOC, and the marketing assets of all the foreign oil companies were nationalized. A point of thatduring the past four decades, the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance has been a topic of interest among academics and practitioners working in the area of leadership (Darwish, 1998; Sadler, 2003; Rowe et al., 2005; Gadot,2007; Yiing, and Zaman Ahmad, 2009). The researcher would like to examine how leadership style influences organization performance in Libya in (NOC). Rowe et al (2005) pointed out that the most prominent reason for this interest is the widespread belief that leadership can affect organizations performance (Jing and Avery, 2008). In addition, the creation of a state-owned oil company allowed Libya to follow in the footsteps of other oil-producing economies, where control of such a revenue-generating resource lay with the government. Soon after its establishment, NOC signed a joint venture agreement with the U.S. Occidental Petroleum involving production-sharing. In 1971, NOC arranged a processing deal with Sincat of Italy for refining oil products for domestic consumption, thereby providing a cheap supply of oil for internal Libyan consumption. A joint drilling company was formed with Saipem, a subsidiary of the Italian ENI, in early 1972. By April 1974, production-sharing agreements had been reached with Exxon, Mobil, Compagnie Franà §aise des Pà ©troles, Elf Aquitaine, and Agip. By using the surplus funds and technical expertise of the foreign oil companies, the problem of stimulating investment in exploration was resolved. In 1980, the Libyan Arabian Gulf Oil Company (Agoco) was established by NOC throug h the amalgamation of the Arabian Gulf Exploration Company, Umm-al-Jawabi Oil Company, and direct NOC exploration and production interests. NOC continued to make production-sharing agreements. In 2004, NOCs estimated crude oil output was 1.623 million barrels per day. The company hoped to raise its production to two million barrels per day by 2007. Figure 1.2 below shows the revenue of National Oil Corporation in Libya from (1999 to 2009).   This study set out to investigate whether there is an interrelation between transformational leadership style and organizational culture, and the effect of organizational culture on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the National Oil Corporation in Libya.   In particular, our knowledge would benefit from an understanding of how leadership and organizational culture affect job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The study examines Libya National Oil Corporation in relation to leadership style in the organization. Thus, the study also would like to explore an organizational culture of the National Oil Corporation and finally how does leadership style in particular transformational leadership style may influence the National Oil Corporation progresses.   The subject of leadership is interesting for many researchers. In addition, the continued search for good leaders has resulted in the development of many leadership theories (Mosadegh and Yarmohammadian, 2006). According to Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) Leadership is a central feature of organizational performance. This is an essential part of management activities of people and directing their efforts towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There must be an appropriate form of behavior to enhance performance. Leadership might be viewed in terms of the role of the leaders and their ability to achieve effective performance from others. In recent years, leadership has been studied in various ways, depending on the researchers methodological preferences and definition of leadership (Chen, 2002; Reuvers, et al., 2008; Gadot, 2007). Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) defined Leadership as the moral and intellectual ability to visualize and work for what is best for the company and its employees. Good management and effective leadership help to develop team work and the integration of individual and group goals. On the other hand, Kenny and Zaccaro (1983) suggested that leaders to be successful need a behavioral repertoire and the ability to select the right role for the situation. To do this, leaders need both cognitive and behavioral complexity and flexibility a leader needs the ability to perceive the needs and goals of a constituency and the ability to adjust ones personal approach to group action (Leban and Zulauf 2004). Therefore, Mosadeghrad et al (2006) pointed out that while there are several styles of leadership such as: autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership. Not everyone agrees that a particular style of leadership will result in the most effective form of organizational behavior. Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach. No one leadership style is ideal for every situation, since a leader may have knowledge and skills to act effectively in one situation but may not emerge as effectively in a different situation. In contrast, Darwish (1998) pointed out that there is wide disagreement among scholars with regard to effective leadership style. For instance, Brozik (1994) argues that no one type of leadership style is the best in all situations. The leader, subordinates and the environment or the task determine the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of each style Kur (1995) believes that effectiveness in leading is directly related to the leaders way of thinking about him, subordinates, organization and environment. Likert   (1977)argue that the participative style is more productive in any culture. In the last three decades many scholars had received increasing attention to two new paradigms called transformational leadership and transactional leadership where the interests of the study are. It added a new dimension to organizational studies, namely the visionary aspect of leadership and the emotional involvement of employees within an organization. The basic notion is that a visionary leader can create an impression that he has high competence and a vision to achieve success (Jing and Avery, 2008). According to Bass (1985) developed a theory of visionary or transformational leadership whereby the leader inspires and activates subordinates to perform beyond normal expectations (Jing and Avery, 2008). The study would like to examine this in National Oil Corporation in Libya. On other hand, Lowe et al., (1996) pointed out that there are four dimensions of transformational leadership style such as: Idealized influence or charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. (Bass et al., 2003; Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006), defined these dimensions for transformational leadership as follows: Idealized influence or Charisma is the degree to which leaders behave in such a charismatic way that followers identify with them. Inspirational motivation is the degree to which leaders articulate visions for the future that appeal to followers. Intellectual stimulation is the degree to which leaders challenge assumptions, take risks, and solicit followers ideas. Individualized consideration is the degree to which leaders attend to followers needs, act as mentors or coaches, and listen to followers concerns. Bass, (1985), Burns (1978) Leadership is considered a factor that has a major influence on the performance of organizations, managers and employees. More recently, researchers have focused mainly on the subordinates perspective and proposed two main facets of leadership transactional and transformational. This theory suggests that transformational leadership, more than transactional leadership, has a stronger positive effect on employees attitudes towards their job, their job environment, and ultimately affects their work performance. Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) pointed out that leadership is a central feature of organizational performance. This is an essential part of management activities of people and directing their efforts towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There must be an appropriate form of behavior to enhance performance. Leadership might be viewed in terms of the role of the leaders and their ability to achieve effective performance from others. On the other hand, Xenikou and Simosi (2006) suggested that organizational culture and transformational leadership have been theoretically and empirically linked to organizational effectiveness. During the 1990s a number of comparative studies on the culture-performance link showed that certain culture orientations are conducive to performance. Lok and Crawford (2004) pointed out that organizational culture can influence how people set personal and professional goals, perform tasks and administer resources to achieve them. Organizational culture affects the way in which people consciously and subconsciously think make decisions and ultimately the way in which they perceive. While other researchers has suggested that organizational culture can exert considerable influence in organizations particularly in areas such as performance and commitment. Bass (1985) said that transformational leaders frequently change their organizations culture with a new vision and revision of its shared assumptions values and norms. In a transformational culture, there is generally a sense of purpose and a feeling of family. Superiors feel a personal obligation to help new members assimilate into the culture. Assumptions, norms, and values do not preclude individuals from pursuing their own goals and rewards. In addition, Bass (1985) mentioned that transformational qualities lead to performance beyond expectations in organizational settings. A study of Ogbonna and Harris (2000) organizational culture and leadership finds that the two areas have been independently linked to organizational performance. A little critical research attention has been devoted to understand the links between the leadership and culture also and the impact that such an association might have on organizational performance (Ogbonna and Harris, 2000). Organizational commitment is an important employee attribute from the organizations perspective. Several studies have found relationships between high-commitment human resource policies and positive organizational outcomes such as productivity, quality, and profitability (Perryer and Jordan 2005). Organizational commitment has been studied in relation to employee performance there is still considerable controversy surrounding the precise nature of the relationship. While there is some evidence to suggest that organizational commitment is a mediating variable between leadership and performance. Consequently, studies that examine the complex relationships and interaction between these variables will be of value to management theorists and practitioners. Lok and Crawford (2004) said that organizational commitment and job satisfaction have received significant attention in studies of the work place. This is due to the general recognition that these variables can be the major determinants of organizational performance and effectiveness. A numerous of studies in the area of job satisfaction and organizational commitment have been asserted that leadership and organizational culture have significant impact on both job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Chen and Francesco, 2000; Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Williams and Hazer, 1986). Lok and Crawford (2004) had the same result in his research which has been done to make comparative between Hong Kong and Australian managers the result confirms that organizational culture and leadership styles are important organizational antecedents of job satisfaction and commitment. However, the influence of national culture on leadership styles, organizational culture and their subsequent effects on employees job satisfaction and organizational commitment were not explored intensively enough in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To choose National Oil Corporation in Libya for the current study because Libya is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). It holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa which make it as one of the most important oil-producing countries in Africa and in the world. Therefore, petroleum sector in Libya is very important sector which is like the backbone of Libyan economy. In this context, National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) is a state-owned company that controls Libyas oil and gas production. The company is the biggest oil producer in Africa. Its mandate was to endeavor to promote the Libyan economy by undertaking development, management and exploitation of oil resources as well as by participating in planning and executing the general oil policy of the state. In additionally, the study expected to offer some useful information of leadership style in National Oil Corporation in Libya, and hopes that this useful information can help to contribute building knowledge and an understanding in this filed in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.2 Purpose of Research Study The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture, with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Cameron and Quinn (1999) pointed out that numerous studies report the most frequent reason given for the failure of planned organizational change was due to a neglect of the organizational culture. According to Schneider (2000) Organizational culture is a key to organizational success, and effective leadership is the means by which the culture is created and managed. Understanding organizational culture is an important activity for managers because it affects strategic development, productivity and learning at all levels of management (Twati and Gammack, 2006). The relationship between transformational leadership style and organizational culture was examined by some researchers such as Xenikou and Simosi (2006), who asserted in his study that organizational culture had direct impact on organization performance while transformational leadership had indirect positive influence on performance through its impact achievement orientation. This study showed that organizational culture mediates the effect of transformational leadership on performance. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to accept or reject the suppositions that there is a relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organization commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Therefore, Yiing and Bin Ahmad (2009) pointed out that leaders behaviors have positive and significant relationship with organizational commitment. On the other hand, cultures have significant moderating effects on the relationship between leadership behaviors and organizational commitment. However, the main academic purpose of this study is to make a contribution in leadership field behaviors on culture and on organization behavior in the petroleum sector in Libya. 1.3 Problem Statement The oil sector is the most important sector in Libya. Libya is one of the most important oil-producing countries in Africa and in the world and that the interest in this sector is very important. Therefore, this sector needs professionals leaders who can achieve all the goals of both employees and organization. An organization short on capital can borrow money, and one with a poor location can move. But an organization short on leadership has little chance for survival (Darwish, 1998).   A set of characteristics that help leaders to achieve the plans, programs, policies and strategy that have been developed and the advancement of their respective organizations. The most important of these characteristics experience, decision-making, knowledge and to deal with the environmental variables that may occur both within and outside the organization. The weakness of these skills and characteristics makes it difficult for leaders to carry out its functions and achieve organizations goals. Therefore, Chen (2002) found that transformational leadership behaviors have a slightly positive relationship with organizational commitment. While Harris and Mossholder (1996), pointed out that organizational culture stands as the center from which all other factors of human resource management derive. It is believed to influence individuals attitudes concerning outcomes, such as commitment, motivation, morale, and satisfaction. In addition, Bass (1985) have mentioned that demonstrates the relationship between leadership and culture by examining the impact of different styles of leadership on culture. He argues that transformational leaders frequently work towards changing the organizational culture in line with their vision. Similarly, Brown (1992) observes that good leaders need to develop the skills that enable them to alter aspects of their culture in order to improve their organizational performance. The leaders of National Oil Corporation have to know that organizational culture, organization commitment and job satisfaction are very important factors can help them to achieve the goals of the organization, and these variables enhance organization performance. In short, and based to what has been mentioned above, this study is trying to clarify the relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Which the researcher believes it does not exist in Libya National Oil Corporation. Specifically, the relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment and how organizational culture effect the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment and job satisfaction   in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The research questions are as follows: Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? Does Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) have any effect on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? Does Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) have any effect on the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? Is there any relationship between organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 1.4 Focus and Research Objectives The overall objective of this study is to examine the role of leadership style in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. The specific objective in this study is to clarify the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction and organizational commitment while organizational culture is the mediate variable in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. The study expected to offer some useful information of leadership style in oil sector in Libya, and hopes that this useful information can help to contribute building knowledge and an understanding in this filed in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The breakdown of these objectives yields the following specific objectives: To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To determine the effect of organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya.   To determine the effect of organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) on the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To determine the nature of the relationship between organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.5 Rationale of Study Previous studies have examined the link between leadership paradigms and behaviors and have shown a positive relationship, none has explained the nature of this connection, and therefore, how and why leadership affects performance. Future research needs to address this deficiency. In sum, based on the above discussion, there are many problems and gaps in existing studies of the leadership performance relationship that need to be addressed before a clear picture of this relationship can be drawn (Jing and Avery, 2008). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the Notional Oil Corporation in Libya. Therefore, the topic of leadership is very important to the organization performance and the entire petroleum sector. Leaders can set the direction of the organization and it is very significance issue can lead the organization to achieve their goals. To do this study in the Notional Oil Corporation in Libya because Libya is the one of the (OPEC) organization and this sector is very important which is like the backbone of Libyan economy. Therefore, organization culture influences organization performance and also the employees. Organization culture influence perceptions of employees towards investors of technology transfer. Additionally, try to add useful information to improve our knowledge for this field in Libya. 1.6 Significance of Study This study is important for several reasons, to make a positive view of transformational leadership style in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. To clarify the problems and barriers encountered in application of transformational leadership style programs in the National Oil Corporation in Libya in the context to the case included in this study.   In addition, to clarify the role of leadership to improve organization performance in the National Oil Corporation in Libya and to what extent this leadership succeeded to achieve organizations goals. On the other hand, this study is an attempt to participate in and contribute to research resulting in knowledge increases. Assist scholars, and other researches in leadership field. The researcher achieved that the leadership style and organizational culture play a significant role to effect organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. In particular, how transformational leadership style and organizational culture can impact organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Finally, the researcher achieved the nature of  Ã‚   the relationship between all these concepts such as transformational leadership style, organizational culture, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.7 Definition of Terms 1.7.1 Leadership Leadership, like most other concepts in social sciences, has no single or unique definition. It has been defined differently by different authors. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the process of influencing employees to work toward the achievement of objectives.† While others defined leadership as a management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well as the process of influencing people so that they will achieve the goals of the organization.   1.7.2 Leadership Style Leadership style is theway to understand why leaders, faced with seemingly identical situations, use such different decision processes. Leadership style can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational values, leadership interests and reliability of employees in different situations. In the other meaning, it is the ability of a leader to influence subordinates to performing at their highest capability. 1.7.3 Transformational leadership Transformational leadership is   grooms followers into future leaders by giving them freedom to control their behavior, elevates followers concerns from physical to psychological needs, inspires subordinates to consider group rather than self interests, and communicates desired outcomes to let subordinates perceive changes as worthwhile†. While others said that transformational leadership, the leader motivates followers by inspiring them, setting challenges and motivating personal development. Transformational leadership encourages the achievement of high collective standards, through a sense of purpose and a common mission and vision. 1.7.4 Organizational culture Organizational culture as a series of values, the measure of culture focuses on values, whereas definitions of culture which focus on artifacts lead to measures which focus on organizational creations. Organizational culture is the personality of the organization, which comprises of assumptions, values, norms and artifacts of organization members and their behaviors. Organizational culture can be looked at as a system based on the companys value and norms, and organizational behaviors such as its technologies, strategies, products, services and appearance. Organizational culture has been seen as holistic, traditionally decided, and socially built. Culture involves beliefs, values and behavior, exists at a various levels, and manifests itself in a wide range of characteristics of organizational life. 1.7.5 Organizational commitment The word â€Å"commitment† is the strength of an individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organization.   Some researchers explained that commitment has three major components: a strong belief in and acceptance of the organizations goals and values; a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization; and a definite desire to maintain organizational membership. 1.7.6 Job Satisfaction Some definitions of job satisfaction focus on the job itself, while others included all the job-related factors. Some researchers have defined satisfaction as positive feeling or aggressive responses; whereas others defined it as the gap between expected gains and the actual gain. Furthermore, satisfied employees have also been shown to exhibit lower levels of absenteeism and higher levels of motivation than their counterparts. In contrast, job satisfaction is generally recognized as a multifaceted construct that includes employee feelings about a variety of both intrinsic and extrinsic job elements. It encompasses specific aspects of satisfaction related to pay, benefits, promotion, work conditions, supervision, organizational practices and relationships with co-workers. 1.8 Organization of Study The present study arranged into six chapters as follows: Chapter One is the background of the study, which states the purpose, problem statement and research questions. This includes the rationale and significance of the study. It also describes the focus and objectives of the study, definition of terms and organization of the study. Chapter Two content overview of leadership concept, leadership theories, leadership styles and concentrate to transformational leadership style. This chapter also covers organizational culture, job satisfaction and organization commitment. Studies on transformational leadership style with organizational culture, organizational commitment and job satisfaction, which include findings of previous studies and their relationship with the current research studies. Chapter Three introduce the research framework and overview, this includes statement of hypothesis. Chapter Four discusses previous research methodologies and the research design. This includes population and sample, which also cover the reliability and validity test of instruments used and the data analysis plan. Chapter Five elaborates on results of the data analysis and hypothesis testing which cover demographic characteristics and statistical analysis. This chapter also describes data analysis for research questions and hypothesis proposition. Chapter Six represents the research findings

Ghost Story of the Haunted Abandoned Factory :: Ghost Stories Urban Legends

Ghost stories and urban legends have a power over people that other types of stories lack. These stories can deeply scare people and lead them to question certain things in life. The fashion in which the story teller delivers the story can greatly affect how haunting the story is and how long it lingers in the listeners’ heads. Urban legends pertaining to a certain region have even more of an effect on people’s beliefs. That scary house on the corner may never be the same to somebody after they are told about the gruesome murder that supposedly happened there many years ago. The ghost story chosen for this paper was told by a 19 year-old Caucasian male college student. The story involves a supposedly haunted building in the nearby town. He heard the story from a friend but does not recall when or where he first heard the story. He recounted the story in the afternoon while sitting in his room with a few other students watching television. According to his story, the haunted building was once used as a factory. One day there was a fire which burned down a good portion of the building and killed all the workers inside. The ruins can still be seen and are alleged to be haunted by ghosts of the deceased factory workers. The teller once tried to locate the factory ruins at night with a few friends but had trouble doing so. He said they found people looking for the same place and joined them to find it. They found an old building in an isolated area but were not sure if it was the correct place. The story teller recalls having an eerie feeling when a rriving at the isolated building. He and his friends soon left without exploring further because the uneasiness about the area began to scare them. The teller told the story in a rushed manner, quickly telling the details. Upon recalling his eerie feelings while searching for the building, he broke into nervous laughter, and one could tell he was somewhat unnerved by the experience. This conclusion led the listeners to believe that searching for the old factory would be a scary experience. From research, it is apparent that Ellicott City has numerous areas believed to be haunted, along with legends behind these areas.

Chronology of Events in Pakistan from Historical Perspective

Pakistan-Table A – Chronology of Important Events Pakistan Index Period Description ANCIENT EMPIRES ca. 2500-1600 B. C. Indus Valley culture ca. 1500-500 B. C. Migrations of Indo-Aryan- speaking tribes; the Vedic Age. ca. 563-483 B. C. Life of Siddartha Gautama–the Buddha; founding of Buddhism. ca. 321-180 B. C. Mauryan Empire; reign of Ashoka (r. ca. 274-236 B. C. ); spread of Buddhism. ca. 180 B. C. -A. D. 150 Saka dynasties in Indus Valley. ca. A. D. 78-ca. 200 Kushan Empire; Gandharan art flourishes. ca. A. D. 319-ca. 600 Gupta Empire; classical age in northern India.COMING OF ISLAM 711 Muhammad bin Qasim, an Arab general, conquers Sindh and incorporates it into Umayyad Caliphate. 1001-1030 Mahmud of Ghazni raids Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan. 1192 Muhammad of Ghor defeats Rajputs. 1206-1526 Delhi Sultanate. 1398 Timur destroys Delhi. THE MUGHAL PERIOD 1526 Babur defeats last Lodhi sultan in first Battle of Panipat, thus laying foundation of Mughal Empire. 15 56 Akbar victorious in secondBattle of Panipat. 1556-1605 Reign of Akbar. 1605-27 Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading post (factory). 1628-58 Reign of Shah Jahan, builder of Taj Mahal. 1658-1707 Reign of Aurangzeb, last great Mughal ruler. 1707-1858 Lesser emperors; decline of Mughal Empire. BRITISH PERIOD 1757 Battle of Plassey and British victory over Mughal forces in Bengal; conventional date for beginning of British rule in India. 799-1839 Sikh kingdom established in Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 1830s Institution of British education and other reform measures. 1838-42 First Anglo-Afghan War. 1843 British annex Sindh, Hyderabad, and Khairpur. 1845-49 Sikh Wars; British annex Punjab; Kashmir sold to Dogra Dynasty, to be ruled under British paramountcy. 1857-58 Uprising, variously known as Indian Mutiny, Sepoy Rebellion, and by Indian nationalists as First War of Independence. 858 East India Company dissolved; rule of India under British crown ( the British Raj) begins; marks formal end of Mughal Empire. 1878-80 Second Anglo-Afghan War. 1885 Indian National Congress formed. 1893 Durand Line established as boundary between Afghanistan and British India. 1905 Partition of Bengal. 1906 All-India Muslim League founded. 1909 Morley-Minto Reforms establish separate electorates for Muslims. 911 Partition of Bengal annulled. 1916 Congress-Muslim League Pact (often referred to as Lucknow Pact) signed. 1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms; Third Anglo-Afghan War. 1935 Government of India Act of 1935. 1940 Muslim League adopts â€Å"Pakistan Resolution† demanding separate nation for Muslims of India. â€Å"Two Nations Theory† articulated by Muslim League leader Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others. 1946 August Muslim League observes â€Å"Direct Action Day. Widespread communal rioting spreads to many parts of India. 1947 June Legislation introduced in British Parliament calling for independence and partition of India; communal ri oting and mass movements of population begin, resulting in next months in 250,000 deaths and up to 24 million refugees. INDEPENDENT PAKISTAN 1947 August Partition of British India; India achieves independence and incorporates West Bengal and Assam; Pakistan is created and incorporates East Bengal (East Wing, or East Pakistan) and territory in the northwest (West Wing, or West Pakistan);Jinnah becomes governor general of Pakistan; Liaquat Ali Khan becomes prime minister. October Start of first Indo-Pakistani War over sovereignty of Kashmir. 1948 September Jinnah dies; Khwaja Nazimuddin becomes governor general. 1949 January United Nations-arranged cease- fire between Pakistan and India takes effect. 1951 October Liaquat assassinated; Nazimuddin becomes prime minister; Ghulam Mohammad becomes governor general. 1955 August Ghulam Mohammad resigns; succeeded by Iskander Mirza.October One Unit Plan establishes the four provinces of West Pakistan as one administrative unit. 1956 March Con stitution adopted; Mirza becomes president. 1958 October Mirza abrogates constitution and declares martial law; Mirza sent into exile; Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) General Mohammad Ayub Khan assumes presidency. 1965 August Start of second Indo-Pakistani War over Kashmir. 1969 March Martial law declared; Ayub Khan resigns; CMLA General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan ssumes presidency. 1970 July One Unit Plan abolished; four provinces reestablished in West Pakistan. December First general elections; Awami League under Mujib secures absolute majority in new National Assembly; West Pakistan-dominated government declines to convene assembly. 1971 March East Pakistan attempts to secede, beginning civil war; Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib), imprisoned in West Pakistan, declared provisional president. April Formal declaration of independence of Bangladesh issued; Mujib named president.December Pakistan launches preemptive air strikes against India; India invades East Pakistan; India recog nizes Bangladesh; Pakistani military forces in East Pakistan surrender to Indian armed forces, marking Bangladeshi independence; Yahya Khan resigns; Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes CMLA and president. 1972 July Bhutto and India's prime minister, Indira Gandhi, conclude Simla Agreement, adjusting 1949 cease-fire line between Pakistan and India and creating new line of control. 1973 August New constitution goes into effect; Bhutto becomes prime inister. 1976 February Pakistan and Bangladesh establish diplomatic relations. 1977 March General elections; massive victory by Bhutto's party evokes widespread rioting and protest. July Army chief of staff, General Mohammad Zia ul-Haq, appoints himself CMLA and proclaims martial law. 1978 September Mohammad Zia ul-Haq becomes nation's sixth president, replacing Fazal Elahi Chaudhry. 1979 February Islamic penal code introduced. April Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto hanged.November Mob storms and burns down United States Embassy in Islamabad, killing two Americ ans and two Pakistani employees; United States cultural centers in Rawalpindi and Lahore also torched; attacks in response to Iranian-inspired rumors that United States citizens responsible for November 20 attack on Grand Mosque in Mecca. December Large-scale movements of Soviet troops and military equipment into Afghanistan. 1980 January United States president Jimmy Carter pledges military assistance to help Pakistan defend itself against Soviet hreat; Carter offers US$400 million, rejected by Zia as â€Å"peanuts. † 1983 August President Zia ul-Haq announces that martial law will be lifted in 1985 but warns that army will retain key role in future governments. 1985 January Non-Islamic banking abolished. February General elections held for National Assembly. March Mohammad Khan Junejo invited by Zia to form civilian cabinet. July Economy declared to be in conformity with Islam. 1986 August Movement for the Restoration f Democracy (MRD) launches campaign against government, demanding new general elections; Benazir Bhutto arrested in Karachi. December New federal cabinet sworn into office by President Zia with Mohammad Khan Junejo continuing as prime minister. May Prime Minister Junejo expands federal government to include five new ministers and three new ministers of state; President Zia dismisses Junejo government, dissolves national and provincial assemblies, and orders new elections to be held within ninety days. August Zia, the United States mbassador to Pakistan, and top army officials killed in mysterious airplane crash near Bahawalpur in Punjab; Ghulam Ishaq Khan, chairman of Senate, sworn in as acting president; General Mirza Aslam Beg becomes chief of the army staff. October Salman Rushdie's novel, The Satanic Verses, banned in Pakistan; joint United States- Pakistani investigatory committee concludes that Zia's death was caused by â€Å"criminal act of sabotage. † November Elections held for National Assembly; Pakistan People's Party ( PPP) wins ninety-three out of 207 seats contested.December Benazir Bhutto sworn in as first female prime minister of a Muslim nation; PPP and MQM parties sign â€Å"Karachi Declaration,† an accord to restore peace in Sindh; Pakistan and India sign accords at South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit in Islamabad, including agreement not to attack each other's nuclear facilities. June Combined Opposition Parties (COP), consisting of most opposition groups, formed in National Assembly, with Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi as leader. February Soviet Union completes withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan.September Pakistan's largest ever military exercise, Zarb- e – Momin (Sword of the Faithful), commences. October Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth of Nations. December Ethnic riots in Sindh claim scores of lives. 1990 May-June Ethnic troubles mount in Sindh; rift develops between PPP and coalition partners. August President Ghulam Ishaq Khan di smisses Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, her cabinet, and National Assembly; orders new elections for October 24, 1990; Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi becomes caretaker prime inister. October United States president George Bush is unable to deliver annual certification that Pakistan does not possess nuclear weapons as condition of continued assistance and arms and technology transfers, leading to cutoff of most aid. National elections held; Bhutto's PPP loses to coalition of rightist parties. November Mian Nawaz Sharif elected prime minister. 1991 February Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif liberalizes economy, lifts controls on foreign currency entering country, and announces policies to encourage new investment; numerous pro-Iraq emonstrations and widespread public opposition to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's support of Desert Storm but pro-United Nations stance reiterated. May Shariat Bill is adopted by National Assembly. July Opposition members call upon president to dismiss government because of deteriorating law and o rder situation, particularly in Sindh. 1992 December Babri Mosque in Ayodya, India, destroyed by Hindu fundamentalists seeking to build Hindu temple on contested site; communal violence mounts over incident; Pakistan asks Indian government to protect Muslims in India. 993 April President Ishaq Khan dismisses government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, citing corruption. July President Ishaq Khan and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif resign under pressure from military; World Bank officer, Moeen Qureshi, named caretaker prime minister pending elections in October. October Benazir Bhutto's PPP wins slim margin in national elections and builds coalition government; Benazir appointed prime minister. November PPP stalwart, Farooq Leghari, defeats acting President Wassim Sajjad and becomes president. Data as of April 1994

The Many Economic Applications of Shadow Price

The Many Economic Applications of Shadow Price In the strictest sense, a shadow price is any price that is not a market price. A price that is not based on actual market exchanges must then be calculated or mathematically derived from otherwise indirect data. Shadow prices can be derived for anything from a resource to a good or service. But this is just the tip of the iceberg. While economists tend to be committed to markets as a means of valuation, the lack of a market price is not necessarily a limitation of their research. In fact, economists recognize â€Å"goods† that carry societal value for which there are no markets to set a market price. Such goods might include the intangible like clean air. Conversely, economists also recognize that there exist goods that do have a market-traded value that is simply not a good representation of the good’s true societal value. For example, electricity produced from coal carries a market price that does not consider the impact or â€Å"social cost† of coal burning on the environment. It is in these scenarios that economists find it difficult to work, which is why the discipline relies on the calculation of shadow prices to give a â€Å"price-like† value to otherwise unpriced resources. The Many Definitions of Shadow Price While the most basic understanding of the term shadow price relates simply to the lack of a market price for some resource, good, or service, the meanings of the term as derived from its real-world uses relay a more complicated story. In the world of investments, shadow price can refer to the actual market values of a money market fund, which essentially refers to securities that are accounted for based on amortized cost rather than a value assigned by the market. This definition carries less weight in the world of economics. More relevant to the study of economics, another definition of shadow price denotes it as a proxy value of a good or intangible asset that is most often defined by what must be given up to gain an extra unit of the good or asset. Last, but not least, shadow prices can also be utilized to derive an inclusive value of the impact of a project, whether it be a benefit or costs, using stated preferences, making the process an extremely subjective one. In the study of economics, shadow prices are most often used in cost-benefit analyses in which some elements or variables cannot be otherwise quantified by a market price. In order to fully analyze the situation, each variable must be assigned a value, but it is important to note that the calculation of shadow prices in this context is an inexact science. Technical Explanations of Shadow Price in Economics In the context of a maximization problem with a constraint (or constrained optimization), the shadow price on the constraint is the amount that the objective function of the maximization would increase by if the constraint were relaxed by one unit. In other words, the shadow price is the marginal utility of relaxing the constant or conversely, the marginal cost of strengthening the constraint. In its most formal mathematical optimization setting, the shadow price is the value of a Lagrange multiplier at the optimal solution.

Free sample - Nazi Holocaust Stages. translation missing

Nazi Holocaust Stages. Nazi Holocaust StagesThe Nazi Holocaust was the genocide of about six million Jews during the period of World War II. The central principle of Nazi ideology was represented by the prosecution of the Jews and Antisemitism. The members of the Nazi party openly declared their intent to segregate Jews off the â€Å"Aryan† society and do away Jews’ civil, legal, political rights, as published within their 25-point party program in 1920 (Spiegelman, Maus I, 20). This paper presents the stages of the Nazi Holocaust illustrated by various examples. Nazi leaders started fulfilling their pledge of prosecuting German Jews immediately after they assumed power. During the initial six years under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, from 1933 up until the war broke in 1939, Jews felt experienced very difficult times with over 400 orders marred restrictions and regulations in all aspects of their private and public lives. Most of the laws were national, initiated by the German administration and had an effect on all Jews (Spiegelman, Maus II, 40). Furthermore, municipal, regional and state officials also propagated a storm of exclusionary orders within their own communities on their own. Consequently, many individuals in all ranks within the government participated in the Jews’ prosecution through regarding, discussing, planning, adopting, imposing, and promoting anti-Jewish legislation. The first stage was definition that involved Jews being forced to put on the Star of David. They were seen as an international threat and also impure. As a result, Hitler had no reason of incorporating them in his plan of the pure and perfect â€Å"master plan.† According to Spiegelman (Maus II, 90), Stripping of rights was the second stage of. The year 1938 saw Jews being evicted from economic life of Germany. The Jews were denied the right to own property, they were denied German citizenship, and they were forced to carry identification papers. Other rights that were stripped of the Jews include; their lawyers being deprived of the right to practice law, denied voting rights, their businessmen had to be registered. Jewish doctors were also not to be found treating Aryan patients. Many laws aimed at separating Jews from German by limiting them their involvement in public life. The initial main law to infringe the rights of Jews was the â€Å"Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service† enacted on 7th April, 1933 which allowed for exclusion of Jews and â€Å"politically unreliable† employees and civil servants from state service (Spiegelman, Maus II, 89). The third stage was segregation and here rural Jews forced to occupy ghettos within large cities. His intention to put them into ghettos was deadly, confining them as they awaited extermination. Most notable among all these ghettos were those in Lodz, Poland which by the end of 1941 accommodated a total of 200, 000 Jews together with 5000 Gypsies (Spiegelman, Maus I, 48). Here individuals frequently died of starvation and diseases. On average, there were 15.1 persons in every apartment and 6-7 persons in every room. Concentration camps constituted another stage of the Nazi holocaust.   The first concentration camp was instituted in 1933 at Dachau to accommodate Nazi regime’s opponent. The figure of Jewish prisoners remarkably augmented after the broken glass’s night. Individuals were forced to there to provide free slave labour. The next stage was Extermination camps.   In this camps gas chambers were cloaked as showers and by 1945, a total of six million were already dead through such means as starvation, mass executions and slave labor within concentration camps. Extermination regions were isolated to prevent civilian population from unnecessarily witnessing the scene. Approximately 2 million Jews were killed through being gassed between 1942 and 1944, November (Spiegelman, Maus II, 78). Lastly it was the aftermath where camps were set free event though the dying, the weak and the sick were left there. A total of 250, 000 Jews were freed from the camps. They were however homeless, poor and left with nothing.   Spiegelman, Art. Maus I: A Survivor's Tale: My Father Bleeds History. Rome: Pantheon 1986. Pp 1-160 Spiegelman, Art.   Maus II: A Survivor's Tale: And Here My Troubles Began. Rome: Pantheon. 1992. Pp 1-144

Free Essays on Jobs

per minute. ... Free Essays on Jobs Free Essays on Jobs The opening for a â€Å"Finance Associate† at Ryan Beck & Co. interests me and I would apply for the job because of many reasons. First of all, on the company website, it states that this is a job for someone seeking growth in the career and has a desire to succeed. I believe that I am an over-achiever. I will always seek to do better than my schoolmates or improve on my past accomplishments. I will practice doing calculus problems over and over until I know the formulas â€Å"like the back of my hand†. Second, the job description says the job will involve budgeting, corporate planning and risk management. I have always been able to budget my time, resources, money, and etc., plan out daily activities, and decide on which decisions would be risky or not to act out. I have had my own checking account for almost over two years now and have never went below the required balance and get a fine. I have held a part-time job ever since freshman year, play a sport every season during school, and maintain a 3.0 grade point average throughout high school. I feel that this job would be a good job for me to obtain because of my education in the Accounting/Business courses I have taken. Job Article #2 This internship at CIRI seems to be a fundamental background to have before starting my career. My knowledge of Accounting, especially Financial Accounting, could be rated â€Å"top-notch†. I was at the top of my class while I was enrolled in the course, and always helped others when it was needed. I also have a good knowledge of computer programs behind me†¦I have strong skills in Microsoft Word and Excel. I use those programs on a weekly basis for my courses at school as well as for personal reasons. Usage of a calculator has always been easy for me when I need to use them and this is one of the skills/abilities listed for the job. The computer courses I took in high school and college has enabled me to type up to 60 words per minute. ...

'Tort Law gives unjustified preference to corrective justice over Essay

'Tort Law gives unjustified preference to corrective justice over distributive justice.' Critically evaluate this statement - Essay Example Some scholars like Coleman (1994) have argued that the nature of the law of torts favors the corrective ends, whereas others like Konow (2003) as well as Wolf and Musselman (1990) argues that there is a need for the law of torts to strike a balance between the distributive and the corrective ends of the law. Not withstanding the foregoing controversial debates, the law of torts tends to lean its balance more towards the corrective end than the distributive ends. Tort Law: Basic Features The term â€Å"tort† is a word that is derived from Latin word â€Å"tortum†, to mean â€Å"injustice â€Å"or wrong. The law of tort therefore proceeds from recognition of the fact that some acts in society may be unjust and therefore needs to be corrected through the law. According to Coleman (1994), a tort may be defined to mean â€Å"a wrongful act that causes injury to a person or property and the law allows for a claim by the injured party to be compensated for damages.† S ome of the generic labels that have been associated with torts include â€Å"breach of duty† although this is just on of the major concepts in the law of torts. The law of tort has no absolute formulas through which questions are resolved. Both the legal scholars and the judiciary have pointed out emphatically the facts that the law of torts is a complex process that is never mechanically applied nor is it static; rather it often depends on circumstances of the case, and that as time elapses, more and more torts get discovered (Blomqiuist [1990]; Koestler V. Pollard [199]); Patel [200]). The tortseeks to reflect the balance the society seeks to strike between competing values. The facts in the case in question determine the right decision. For instance, automobile drivers are made liable to the injuries that they cause as they carry out their duty but only if the injury results from their fault or negligence. On the other hand, manufactures take the liability of the injuries stemming from their defective products, the reasonable care they might have taken not withstanding. Most individual torts require that fault be shown on the defendant’s part. More often, the extent of the defendant’s fault will form the basis of the liability that the defendant bears to the plaintiff. This is the case with torts such as negligence, defamation, nuisance and trespass. However, within the law of torts there are also cases of strict liability torts where the defendant will not be required to prove fault on the part of the defendant; it will suffice for purposes of tortious remedies against the defendant that the plaintiff suffered damage and that the damage was occasioned by an action or omission of the defendant (strict liability torts).Generally, at common law, the strict liability torts are restricted to activities that are hazardous. There is also Liability for Defective Products Act, 1991 which creates strict liabilities on manufacturers with regard s to health sustained by consumers of their products. The principle function of the law of tort is to establish weather there is an offence and if there is to come up with a remedy. At common law, damages are the most widespread remedy. In such a judgment, the defendant is normally required to offer financial compensation to the

POLICE ADMINiSTRATION COMPLETE 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

POLICE ADMINiSTRATION COMPLETE 4 - Essay Example Second is depression; the nature of law enforcement makes officers to have interpersonal conflicts. These conflicts can escalate to depression causing levels. This can be detrimental to the officers’ health and work performance (p7). Professional handling of interpersonal conflicts reduces depression among officers. Others include post-traumatic stress disorder, traumatizing images like crime scenes etc. They usually lower officers work performance and it is good for administrative officers to ensure that officers are counseled to avoid these issues. As an administrative officer, the action i would take to ensure that my officers don’t get burnt includes; providing good working environment reduces stress and depression. Secondly I would ensure that they receive counseling services after traumatic experiences. This would reduce depression and post-traumatic stress disorder cases. After an ugly incident, I would recommend that my officers get counseling from professionals to ensure that they don’t get nightmares and bad images (233 words). 2) Using the internet and the text (chapter 13) give a narrative overview of the Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment, detailing the findings and analysis of this controversial experiment. (Minimum of 200 words) According to Kelling et al. (1974) The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment was a year-long experiment that was carried out in Kansas City between 1972 and 1973 to find out if police prevalence in an area can prevent crimes from being committed. Three controlled levels of routine preventive patrols were created and applied in the experimental areas. The areas were termed as â€Å"reactive† this is the area that received no preventive patrol. In this area, police officers only visited the area after receiving a call from the citizens which reduced police visibility. The second area was termed as â€Å"proactive,† in this area police visibility was increased two to three times its usual

How advances in technology have changed learning and development in Essay

How advances in technology have changed learning and development in organizations - Essay Example Previously workplace knowledge focused solely on technical knowledge, specific to the tasks in a job. But now skills such as communication, leadership, and individual responsibility are considered equally important to equip individuals with life long learning skills that encourage engagement with mind, body, and soul. The expectations inherent in new roles, confounded by uncertainty of the environment and the explosion of information technology, now challenge us to reconceptualise human cognition and develop education and training in a way that resonates with current knowledge and skills. One of the significant themes that is emerging from the redesigning of jobs is the contradictory yet legitimate nature of the roles and their associated values. During the transition from feudal to capitalist societies workers struggled to conceptualize self as different from labor. It was difficult for "man" to reconceptualise labor as separate from individuals and a commodity, which could be sold for a fee. We now see parallels in the emerging workplaces. There are various tensions in the contemporary world of work such as those between global and local knowledge and performance; learning and work; institution and workplace-based training; self and organizational development, competition and collaboration and these impacts the role of individuals and context in developing knowledge and skills to function in current workplaces. We have, in the past, viewed opposing positions in such tensions as only being right or wrong and hence, many are still searching for an absolute black and white solution. Giddens and Delors both have written extensively on the emerging tensions and the need to consider ways of dealing with such dualistic/contradic tory positions. For example, in considering globalization Giddens argues that we now have new trans-national systems that have heightened competition for scarce resources while at the same time

The Fixer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Fixer - Essay Example This article will examine each of the actions taken by Alex Polizzi in different scenes that she visited. It has two seasons, each having six episodes. Season 1 Episode 1 In this episode, Alex Polizzi, an entrepreneur from the Courtyard Bridalwear, single handedly starts a campaign aimed at saving struggling families in the face of the prevailing tricky financial situations. Her first mission was on a Kettering based bridalwear business located in North Hamptonshire. A mother and her two daughters who are engaged in squabbles apparently run this business. Although, the business owner, Anne Preece has decided to remortgage her house to ensure that the business remains succeeds, a decline in profits is still evident. Besides, the business is obsolete, overstocked and seemingly weary. Furthermore, the frequent arguments by the daughters only help to worsen the situation. In order to save this situation, Alex must employ strategic business ideas in his endeavors to make the women reconsi der their feelings towards each other in the hope of turning the fortunes of the business. Apparently, conflicts form part of family businesses meaning that business managers must find appropriate strategies for dealing with them. Alex Polizzi indicates that an amicable relationship between the mother and her two daughters needs the development of formal management structures that would integrate standard practices and policies for managing their business. This would ensure that each person in the business has her duties and roles discretely defined. As a result, it would be simple to avoid cases of conflicts mainly caused by overlap of duties. Season 1 Episode 2 In this episode, Alex Polizzi focuses her attention to a family bakery owned by the Eades in Padstow Cornwall. This business enterprise is at the receiving end of low tourists visitations and holyday makers due to the winter situations that seem to affect business activities, as well as proceeds. Although, the business is o wned as a family, Elaine makes all the decisions of the business without the regard of her children, Luisa and Greg, who are both directors of the business. Subsequently, the business massively suffers from constant recriminations and arguments that slow its progression. It takes the intervention of Alex to instill business ideologies to Elaine’s husband and give him direction of running a business. Alex vehemently states that decision making at all levels should be an involving affair that requires participation of important stakeholders. This supposes that the mother and all her daughters must take part in the decision-making agenda. This would ensure that the decisions that are reached upon are all encompassing. An additional way of resolving such issues and ensuring that the business remains on course is ensuring that the members of the family who are involved in executing operations of the business are entitled to standard salaries. This will help minimize the rivalry in families when issues that pertain to finances arise. Season 1 Episode 3 In this episode, Alex Polizzi’s expertise comes in handy when she is called upon to help a furniture business located in Yeadon, West Yorkshire. Although the business has been in existence for more than three decades, it is now losing its customers at a very fast rate owing to its obsolete state. The Kettley’s Furniture Business also experiences communication breakdowns from its owners, John and

Short Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short Answer questions - Essay Example Microbes are found to have healthy effects on humans and there are multiple benefits attached to the consumption of Probiotic Microbes; for instance, they improve the functioning of digestive system, reduce the side effects of antibiotics and risk of acute infectious diseases, improve the absorption of lactose and develop immunity (California Dairy Research Foundation, 2011). The Human Digestive System is made up of Gastrointestinal Tract which is composed of organs including Oesophagus; from where the food travels to the Stomach; here food undergoes the effect of several enzymes and acids which further break down the food particles. Then it comes to Small intestine; where further digestion takes place and the digested material enters the blood stream. Undigested food is moved to the Large intestine where water is absorbed and then the food is expelled out of the body through anus. Any disturbance in this process leads to Gastrointestinal Diseases (Nutricia, 2010). Probiotics have the ability to manipulate the intestinal physiology by direct or indirect intonation of immune system or endogenous ecosystem; therefore they can be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases (Philippe R. Marteau et al., 2001). There are significant evidences which suggest that Probiotics are beneficial for the treatment gastrointestinal tract including chronic inflammatory diseases (Eamonn P Culligan et al., 2009). Diarrhea as defined by the World Health Organization is the condition in which 3 or more loose stools are excreted in every 24 hours. It is caused by virus and parasitic organisms. A person usually gets infected with diarrhea due to the consumption of contaminated food or drink. If not treated on time; it might lead to severe fluid loss in addition to the loss of other body minerals (WHO, 2013). Probiotics are found to be effective in early recovery of diarrhea. A study was conducted

Draft Annotated Bibliography Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Draft Annotated Bibliography - Coursework Example Banks (2003) noted the difference between irrational or discriminatory and rational racial profiling, where the latter is based on actual criminal activities and reports. He focused on the campaign against racial profiling and noted injustice when minorities experience disadvantages because of racial profiling. The study is useful in showing that racial profiling can lead to discrimination but, in agreement to what he had said, eliminating it is not the solution to discrimination in the law enforcement system. Engel, R.S., Calnon, J.M., & Bernard. T.J. (2002). Theory and racial profiling: Shortcomings and future directions in research. Justice Quarterly, 9(2), 249-273. Retrieved from http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/articles/engel_articles/Theory_Racial_Profiling.pdf Engel, Calnon, and Bernard (2002) evaluated the research on racial profiling. They noted that, using data from traffic stops and arrests among other data sources, researchers believed that the police generally exhibited discrimination in racial profiling. Engel et al. (2002) asserted though that these studies usually had the flaw of having no guidance from a theoretical framework to support their conclusion that racial discrimination did happen. The study is important in underscoring the gap in literature for studies that can improve the theoretical foundation of racial and criminal profiling. Glover (2007) studied police opinions on racial profiling through an in-depth interview research method. She noted that police officers downplayed racism in racial profiling through emphasizing the spatial context of their criminal investigations. The article is important in emphasizing the need for gathering more qualitative information about the perceptions and experiences of the police regarding racial profiling and criminal profiling. Godwin, M. (2002). Reliability, validity, and utility of criminal profiling typologies. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 17(1), 1-18. Retrieved

The Fixer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Fixer - Essay Example This article will examine each of the actions taken by Alex Polizzi in different scenes that she visited. It has two seasons, each having six episodes. Season 1 Episode 1 In this episode, Alex Polizzi, an entrepreneur from the Courtyard Bridalwear, single handedly starts a campaign aimed at saving struggling families in the face of the prevailing tricky financial situations. Her first mission was on a Kettering based bridalwear business located in North Hamptonshire. A mother and her two daughters who are engaged in squabbles apparently run this business. Although, the business owner, Anne Preece has decided to remortgage her house to ensure that the business remains succeeds, a decline in profits is still evident. Besides, the business is obsolete, overstocked and seemingly weary. Furthermore, the frequent arguments by the daughters only help to worsen the situation. In order to save this situation, Alex must employ strategic business ideas in his endeavors to make the women reconsi der their feelings towards each other in the hope of turning the fortunes of the business. Apparently, conflicts form part of family businesses meaning that business managers must find appropriate strategies for dealing with them. Alex Polizzi indicates that an amicable relationship between the mother and her two daughters needs the development of formal management structures that would integrate standard practices and policies for managing their business. This would ensure that each person in the business has her duties and roles discretely defined. As a result, it would be simple to avoid cases of conflicts mainly caused by overlap of duties. Season 1 Episode 2 In this episode, Alex Polizzi focuses her attention to a family bakery owned by the Eades in Padstow Cornwall. This business enterprise is at the receiving end of low tourists visitations and holyday makers due to the winter situations that seem to affect business activities, as well as proceeds. Although, the business is o wned as a family, Elaine makes all the decisions of the business without the regard of her children, Luisa and Greg, who are both directors of the business. Subsequently, the business massively suffers from constant recriminations and arguments that slow its progression. It takes the intervention of Alex to instill business ideologies to Elaine’s husband and give him direction of running a business. Alex vehemently states that decision making at all levels should be an involving affair that requires participation of important stakeholders. This supposes that the mother and all her daughters must take part in the decision-making agenda. This would ensure that the decisions that are reached upon are all encompassing. An additional way of resolving such issues and ensuring that the business remains on course is ensuring that the members of the family who are involved in executing operations of the business are entitled to standard salaries. This will help minimize the rivalry in families when issues that pertain to finances arise. Season 1 Episode 3 In this episode, Alex Polizzi’s expertise comes in handy when she is called upon to help a furniture business located in Yeadon, West Yorkshire. Although the business has been in existence for more than three decades, it is now losing its customers at a very fast rate owing to its obsolete state. The Kettley’s Furniture Business also experiences communication breakdowns from its owners, John and

Draft Annotated Bibliography Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Draft Annotated Bibliography - Coursework Example Banks (2003) noted the difference between irrational or discriminatory and rational racial profiling, where the latter is based on actual criminal activities and reports. He focused on the campaign against racial profiling and noted injustice when minorities experience disadvantages because of racial profiling. The study is useful in showing that racial profiling can lead to discrimination but, in agreement to what he had said, eliminating it is not the solution to discrimination in the law enforcement system. Engel, R.S., Calnon, J.M., & Bernard. T.J. (2002). Theory and racial profiling: Shortcomings and future directions in research. Justice Quarterly, 9(2), 249-273. Retrieved from http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/articles/engel_articles/Theory_Racial_Profiling.pdf Engel, Calnon, and Bernard (2002) evaluated the research on racial profiling. They noted that, using data from traffic stops and arrests among other data sources, researchers believed that the police generally exhibited discrimination in racial profiling. Engel et al. (2002) asserted though that these studies usually had the flaw of having no guidance from a theoretical framework to support their conclusion that racial discrimination did happen. The study is important in underscoring the gap in literature for studies that can improve the theoretical foundation of racial and criminal profiling. Glover (2007) studied police opinions on racial profiling through an in-depth interview research method. She noted that police officers downplayed racism in racial profiling through emphasizing the spatial context of their criminal investigations. The article is important in emphasizing the need for gathering more qualitative information about the perceptions and experiences of the police regarding racial profiling and criminal profiling. Godwin, M. (2002). Reliability, validity, and utility of criminal profiling typologies. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 17(1), 1-18. Retrieved

Enrollment System Essay Example for Free

Enrollment System Essay Chapter1: Intoduction 1. 1. Background of the study The new generation about computer blooms in our day. It is the binding fact that computers are very productive, more efficient, and make our personal and professional lives more successful. In every year, technologies continue to rise up, people must be aware in the development of the technologies to easily come up in the flow of the new generation. Computer is an electronic device that can store data, process retrieve and can also be programmed with any instruction. Computers can do just about anything and it really excel in certain areas. Enrollment is an exciting day for every student in elementary, high school, or colleges. It is the most expected activity after summer vacation. But contrary to the expectations of the enrollees, enrollment has posed problems and hassles because it has become tedious and taxing. Sometimes the students’ leave it to their parents and other members of the family to enroll them. The unsystematic procedure of school during enrollment is now dreaded by them. Instead student enrollees have to stand and wait of finishing it in an hour or two, sometimes students are made to come back the next day or even after a week so that they can be officially enrolled. All these have posed a problem which alarm this group of researchers and decided to pursue in resolving the enrollment problem by designing and implementing a system of enrollment which is computerized for smooth and less problematic flow of enrollment in the La Immaculada Concepcion School. As a students, and as a researcher we decided to create a wellprogrammed system that will develop the enrollment system for the school of La Immaculada Concepcion School. To become more realistic we conduct a survey and some research from the students to know the specific to general problems of their enrollment system that cannot be solve manually. Some student complains about the enrollment procedure in their school, they need to get the enrollment form first and do some certain approval and payment in the different sections in order to be enrolled. This is a very long process of the enrollment and the personnel assigned in the registrar office will record the enrollee’s information manually after the scheduled enrollment. What if the student’s enrollment papers lost? Will they retrieve their papers? How long will it takes to them to record all the student’s files in the computer. 1. 2. Statement of the Problem What enrollment system can be developed to manage the enrollment of La Immaculada Concepcion School (LICS)? How to speed up the enrollment process of La Immaculada Concepcion School (LICS)? How to accurately monitor and update the recoeding of the transactions and the pertinent records of the school? 1. 3. Objective: To create a better enrollment system that will manage the enrollment of the La Immaculada Concepcion School (LICS). To provide a system that will discuss the flow of the process of enrollment. To use database management that will monitor and update recording of transactions and pertinent records of the school. . 4. Significance of the study The Significance of this study is to perform a better system that can accommodate all the students in this school in their enrollment, and also as we make a program we enhance our skill in creating a better program for a given problems like this. The importance of this study may help up the said school to nurture up and elevate the functionality of the school to defy and breach their performances for the last 39 years. The study will also help us as students to be knowledgeable enough on entering the Information Technology field as applying the lectures to actual performances. The La Immaculada Concepcion Schools’ enrollment system gives also a benefit for the following: 1. Students- they can save time and money in waiting a long period of time and it will be easy for them to enroll. There are some students that cannot enroll on the time because of some circumstances; LAN-based enrollment is the answer for the problem. . Staff- they can lessen their time consumed during the process of enrollment. They can also generate a report in a very short time unlike in the manual enrollment system where in the staff is having a hard time generating reports. 3. School- to lessen if not eliminates the existing problems in the traditional enrollment system. 4. Future Proponents- they can use these as theirfutur study and create a better system. 1. 5. Scope and Limitation: The scope of this study is to perform a better process in the school in terms of their enrollment and to improve the system in such a better way. The system provides registration which includes adding, editing and updating of students record that will be stored directly to the database. It will also generate confirmation of registration. It will generate reports such as class list/ instructor/ schedule of classes per section/ statement of the account/ payment report for the school administration. The registrar can easily access records, schedule, classes and class list. it provides scheduling of the subjects per section. It also provides printing of some schedules for the students after enrollment. The payment is also included; the enrollee can choose which type of payment will suit them (full or partial). This study has also a limitation, Our limitation is just to create a system that will enhance the process and to improve the enrollment system in La Immaculada Concepcion School. .

Gender Comparison of Sporting Athletes

Gender Comparison of Sporting Athletes Viraj Tamakuwala Emily McCullogh Awarding of unequal prize money to female athletes in sporting competitions compared to males A majorly debated topic in the sporting world is the unequal compensation of female athletes. The first and most given reasoning for the unfair compensation of female athletes to males is that their performance isnt at par with the males. That reasoning is often expanded to bring in the belief that sports are associated with masculinity and that men have been the ones to play sports since the old ages. Which leads to the debate of the athletes body remaining feminine while participating in sports and events. Another argument that the women sports dont generate enough revenues and interests. This essay will expand and provide studies and articles that support the claims and then provide solutions now in place to remove or minimize the gap as well as criticisms of the claims. The difference in performance of women athletes is debatable but there are researches that suggest, that there is a gap. A study done by Thibault, et al.(2010) on the performance levels of athletes from 1983 till 2010 suggests that women present lower record values than men and that it is influenced by the sex of the individual. The study further states that womens performances will remain inferior to mens till the both reach their physiological maximums. In addition, the study goes to use formulas to show and express the differences and the gap of the performances, it just concludes that its impossible for women to catch up to men as the gender gaps in sport performance has been stable and remain that way for the foreseeable future (Thibault, et al., 2010). Government of Ontario recognizes the sport performance gap, in its Game ON The Governments sport plan which states that the sport participation of women drops dramatically by age and the closing of the gap is the top priority of the plan. It recognizes that the gap is not only due to interest and abilities but rather social, economic, and cultural barriers (Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, 2016). That statement would make the possibility that potential female athletes are unable to participate in sports at that level of competition and in response hides the females that would be able to close or shorten the gender performance gap. This relates directly to the points made by Dr. Hernan Humana, in Kine1000 lectures on February 6 and 8 , 2016 where he argued of that the performance, structure and culture of gender causes socialization which directly affects the point of view of the males towards the females and their roles in sports and society, and giving the example of the girls soccer team having a pink uniform. The roles of females in sports and society is the main controlling factor for the unequal compensation. Women tend to be socially constructed to be weak or lazy as they dont tend to engage in physical activity, but then the females who are athletes are stuck between two worlds, the sports world which requires a strong and healthy body and the social world which requires them to have femininity to be accepted in society (Krane, Choi, Baird, Aimar, Kauer, 2004). The study on the topic states that they are living in a paradox of dual identity between the two world where the emphasis is keeping the hegemonic view of femininity while having the body or muscularity needed for the sport, many times this paradox is said to be causing an increased negative behaviours such as poor body image, eating disorders or stress and in some cases causing the athlete to quit the sport (Krane, Choi, Baird, Aimar, Kauer, 2004). This is no only limited to the field or sporting grounds but to the homes and society that they live in, It is made extremely clear that these female athletes mostly when professional are treated differently and their success comes at the price of their image as the book talks about personal experiences of these females as some them are lesbians (Lenskyj, 2003). While this bring on the discrimination based on sexuality, which is also being fought against by the government as it is stated that athletes from sexual minorities are very unlikely to participate in sports (Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, 2016). Furthermore, to support the female athletes as well women engaged as coaches and officials, Sport Canada has put of policies and plans to work towards an Equitable and Quality sport environment (Sports Canada, 2015). They are doing this by providing training and opportunities to both coaches and athletes to perform and present themselves at higher competitions than available before, for example government funding is only provided to sport organizati ons which state their commitment to women in sports (Sports Canada, 2015). The most logical argument for the unfair pay of female athletes is that they dont provide enough revenue and interest as compared to men. The cause is media, as women athletes have not been covered I may sports or events, most of the time we wouldnt even know that there was a female competitor for the competition or even a team for the sport as it would be covered in minimal amounts if any coverage at all (Messner, Duncan, Cooky, 2003). The media coverage is having a gradual increase in the coverage while seeing an relative increased effort to increase audience and heavy promoting of mens sports, furthermore the commentary is also male dominant to reinforce that sports with masculinity (Messner, Duncan, Cooky, 2003). This relates back the guest lecture by Paul Jones where he answered that media shows us what we want to see as they will cover it while telling us what we should be interested in, and that it works both ways as its more of a cycle which is hard to break (October 24, 20 16). It is found that men who watch sports are more to invested to it and engaged in it as its a way for them to unwind and become involved in the drama and excitement of the game or sport (Gantz Wenner, 1991). Meanwhile the females are likely to be found watching sports due to companionship from their male friends, family or counterparts, in addition it was found that the more it was covered the more both men and women watched it more (Gantz Wenner, 1991). That proves Paul Jones point which states that media covers what we want to see and the more they cover it the more people watch and that its a total cycle which works negatively for the female athletes. The solution for this is simple and it is that viewers should go to or start become interested in female sports and events, if there are viewers who are interested then media will cover it and then cycle shall start for the females and then revenue and interest both would increase. In conclusion, the unequal compensation of female athletes in sporting competitions is a critical and important problem and that government and organizations fully support the advancement of women in the sports industry. The largest barrier is the media, which is also the best method to get them equal and fair pay either through creating larger interest through covering female sports and events which in return will to reward them in the future or follow the interest of the crowd which could be changing as even the smaller coverages of the female sports is creating interest and awareness that they exist. The government has a large role in this fight towards equity and equality it is showing effect slowly but effectively. The day when the compensation will equal as well as the gap between the genders declining as opportunity is given. References Gantz, W., Wenner, L. A. (1991). Men, women, and sports: Audience experiences and effects. Journal of Brodcasting Electronic Media, 35(2), 233-243. doi:10.1080/08838159109364120 Krane, V., Choi, P. Y., Baird, S. M., Aimar, C. M., Kauer, K. J. (2004). Living the Paradox: Female Athletes Negotiate Femininity and Muscularity. Sex Roles, 50(5), 315-329. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000018888.48437.4f Lenskyj, H. (2003). Out on the field : gender, sport and sexualities. Toronto, ON: Womens Press. Messner, M. A., Duncan, M. C., Cooky, C. (2003). Silence, Sports Bras, And Wrestling Porn. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 27(1), 38-51. doi:10.1177/0193732502239583 Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. (2016). Game ON The Ontario Governments Sport Plan. Ottawa, ON: Queens Printer for Ontario. Sports Canada. (2015). Actively Engaged: A Policy on Sport for Women and Girls. Retrieved from Government Of Canada: http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1414511367652/1414602693839 Thibault, V., Guillaume, M., Berthelot, G., Helou, N. E., Schaal, K., Quinquis, L., . . . Toussaint, J.-F. (2010). Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9(2), 214-223.

John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay -- essays papers

John Miltons Paradise Lost John Milton’s Paradise Lost is a religious work, and is in many ways an autobiography of Milton’s own life. John Milton was raised catholic and converted to Protestantism. Later in life he became a Calvinist. His strong Calvinists beliefs can be seen throughout Paradise Lost. It was Milton’s desire to be a great poet, but he did not believe that was his purpose in life. He believed that he had been put here to serve God, and that any thing that he wrote should be in one way or another related to that purpose. In this way Milton felt that in writing Paradise Lost not only was he writing the epic poem he had always wanted to, but also fulfilling his godly purpose here on earth. At the time that Milton was writing Paradise Lost he was a prisoner in his home and to his blindness. He had been involved in the rebellion with Cromwell when the King had been executed and the monarchy had been run out of England. When Cromwell died and the King returned to power he was forced to go into hiding and no longer had any rights of an English man. If he had come out of hiding he most likely would have been executed for treason. He had also lost his sight completely and was being taken care of by his daughters. The subject of Paradise Lost is man’s disobedience and how disobedience leads to the loss of happiness. He is dealing not only with the disobedience of Adam, Eve, and Satin, but also with his own disobedience. Different autobiographical issues are dealt with through Adam and Satin. Adam seems to represent his sins against God, which led to his blindness, and Satin could represent his disobedience to the King. The first book deals with the war in heaven and the devils being sent out into ... ...ventually die for their sins. Being kicked out of the garden also has some autobiographical significance in the life of Milton. He loved gardens and both of his punishments, blindness and being imprisoned in his home made it impossible for him to enjoy them. In the last book Michael shows Adam what is to come for the human race. This gave Adam some hope for the future and makes it easier for him to carry on after falling from God. Adam sees that much good will come from his sin in the end. Bibliography: Works Cited Masson, David. Afterword â€Å"A Brief Life of Milton† Paradise Lost. By John Milton. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Wagenknecht, Edward. The Personality of Milton. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay -- essays papers John Miltons Paradise Lost John Milton’s Paradise Lost is a religious work, and is in many ways an autobiography of Milton’s own life. John Milton was raised catholic and converted to Protestantism. Later in life he became a Calvinist. His strong Calvinists beliefs can be seen throughout Paradise Lost. It was Milton’s desire to be a great poet, but he did not believe that was his purpose in life. He believed that he had been put here to serve God, and that any thing that he wrote should be in one way or another related to that purpose. In this way Milton felt that in writing Paradise Lost not only was he writing the epic poem he had always wanted to, but also fulfilling his godly purpose here on earth. At the time that Milton was writing Paradise Lost he was a prisoner in his home and to his blindness. He had been involved in the rebellion with Cromwell when the King had been executed and the monarchy had been run out of England. When Cromwell died and the King returned to power he was forced to go into hiding and no longer had any rights of an English man. If he had come out of hiding he most likely would have been executed for treason. He had also lost his sight completely and was being taken care of by his daughters. The subject of Paradise Lost is man’s disobedience and how disobedience leads to the loss of happiness. He is dealing not only with the disobedience of Adam, Eve, and Satin, but also with his own disobedience. Different autobiographical issues are dealt with through Adam and Satin. Adam seems to represent his sins against God, which led to his blindness, and Satin could represent his disobedience to the King. The first book deals with the war in heaven and the devils being sent out into ... ...ventually die for their sins. Being kicked out of the garden also has some autobiographical significance in the life of Milton. He loved gardens and both of his punishments, blindness and being imprisoned in his home made it impossible for him to enjoy them. In the last book Michael shows Adam what is to come for the human race. This gave Adam some hope for the future and makes it easier for him to carry on after falling from God. Adam sees that much good will come from his sin in the end. Bibliography: Works Cited Masson, David. Afterword â€Å"A Brief Life of Milton† Paradise Lost. By John Milton. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Wagenknecht, Edward. The Personality of Milton. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.